COFFEE-TEA

2019-08-30T16:00:07Z

Rafael Garaffa:

2019-08-03T02:44:15Z

Rafael Garaffa:

Residential and commercial sectors - COFFEE-TEA

2019-08-03T02:42:18Z

Rafael Garaffa:

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The energy consumption is actually driven by the energy services required by the households. The IEA database [[CiteRef::iea2014]] was used to estimate the energy consumption in the buildings (residential and commercial) sector. The energy services modelled are: Space Heating, Water Heating, Cooking, Lighting, Cooling (Ambient Conditioning) and Appliances. For these services the energy service intensity was calculated relative to the total estimated buildings as a first indicator of the energy demand estimation. Non-electricity-based technology participation for lighting, such as kerosene, biomass and candles was also estimated. For ambient heating and cooling the average HDD and CDD for every region were estimated.

Industrial sector - COFFEE-TEA

2019-08-03T02:37:14Z

Rafael Garaffa:

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In global energy model, the assessment of the industrial sector is often simplified, because of the difficulty in assessing several industries, in detail, for many countries and regions of the world, where the detailed information needed are not easily available. Then a simplified approach for all 18 regions was used for the current model, considering only one industrial sector.

To estimate the energy demand for every region and the energy sources that provide this demand, the International Energy Agency (IEA) main energy datasets were used. Besides it is important to assess the energy services that are consuming energy. In industrial facilities the most common energy services are related to heating (direct or indirect) and drive of machineries, such as engines and turbines. The energy services modelled are: Heat, meaning direct heating; Steam, either for indirect heating or steam-driven engines; HVAC, or Heating, Ventilation and Air Conditioning of internal areas; Light; Motor, or the drive for electric motors; and other services.

Besides energy consumption, the industrial sector also presents a consumption of typically energy sources as non-energy inputs. This includes naphtha, from refineries, natural gas and even coal. Typically, these products are used as feedstock in industry processes, such as ammonia and petrochemical production. The non-energy consumption does not result in energy-related emissions, but it is an important part of the total consumption of energy products and they are also considered in this model.

Transport - COFFEE-TEA

2019-08-03T02:34:02Z

Rafael Garaffa:

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The activity of the transportation sector is usually separated into passenger and freight. The activity of the former is represented in passenger-km, or pkm, which is a measurement of the total distance required by the total number of passengers. As for freight, the unit used to represent the activity is tonne-km, or tkm. In this activity indicator, all goods and products are combined into the total weight beings transported by the total distance.
The energy consumed in this sector is used to achieve a necessary level of activity. In this sense, within the model, the exogenous demand will be expressed in pkm, for passengers, and tkm, for freight.

2019-08-03T02:23:58Z

Rafael Garaffa:

Electricity - COFFEE-TEA

2019-08-03T02:22:34Z

Rafael Garaffa:

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The electricity sector is another complex subsector within the Energy sector also assessed in COFFEE model. The transformation of primary energy and secondary energy sources into electricity includes several different options for every resource which provides the model a large number of possibilities and a better way to represent the power systems (<xr id="fig:Power"/>).

<figure id="fig:Power">
[[File:power.png|600px|thumb|<caption>Power technologies and energy sources considered in the COFFEE model</caption>]]
</figure>

For most of the power technologies incorporated in the model, an estimation of the current installed capacity in all regions was performed. The main source of information was [[CiteRef::geo2016]], except for nuclear power plants [[CiteRef::iaea2014]]. The COFFEE model takes a relative detailed approach for nuclear power technologies, differentiating reactor technology and, consequently, nuclear fuels. Thus, the type of nuclear fuel is depended on the nuclear reactor used. Then the costs to produce the nuclear fuels are considered and the costs relating to waste management as well. The production costs vary according to the level of enrichment (<xr id="fig:Nuclear"/>).

<figure id="fig:Nuclear">
[[File:nuclear.png|600px|thumb|<caption>Material balance and production cost for nuclear fuel.</caption>]]
</figure>

Non-biomass renewables - COFFEE-TEA

2019-08-03T02:17:46Z

Rafael Garaffa:

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Solar and Wind energy resources were estimated in the COFFEE model from [[CiteRef::nrel2015]] and other related engineering literature, especially for cost estimation. For solar resource the supply curve introduced in the model was based on solar radiance itself, instead of on electricity or power. Additionally, resources are split in four steps of increasing capacity factor.

For wind resources the capacity factor is split in offshore and onshore and the distance to major consumers and to the coastline are considered. This is important to generate better supply curves for energy resources, since the optimum decision from the model may be to use a lower capacity factor that is closer to the end consumer, depending on the costs associated. In the COFFEE model, wind resource was estimated considering 12 step curves for and 27 step discrete curves were created combining capacity factor, distance to shore and water depth for onshore and offshore, respectively. <xr id="fig:Wind_solar"/> summarizes the wind and solar resource categories.

<figure id="fig:Wind_solar">
[[File:wind_solar.png|600px|thumb|<caption>Wind and solar resource categories</caption>]]
</figure>.

In the COFFEE model, the quality of the hydro resources derives from two major components: capacity factors and resource availability. These aspects are directly associated with exploitation costs. Thus, the total resources can be separated in terms of costs in order to create a supply curve for Hydro power. [[CiteRef::ireana2014]] and other related literature provide regional profiles for hydro projects and was used to estimate the hydro resource availability for the 18 regions of the model.

<figure id="fig:hydro">
[[File:hydro.png|600px|thumb|<caption>Estimated installed capacity, total potential and potential by category for the hydro resource (GW).</caption>]]
</figure>.

Non-biomass renewables - COFFEE-TEA

2019-08-03T02:16:39Z

Rafael Garaffa:

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Solar and Wind energy resources were estimated in the COFFEE model from [[CiteRef::nrel2015]] and other related engineering literature, especially for cost estimation. For solar resource the supply curve introduced in the model was based on solar radiance itself, instead of on electricity or power. Additionally, resources are split in four steps of increasing capacity factor.

For wind resources the capacity factor is split in offshore and onshore and the distance to major consumers and to the coastline are considered. This is important to generate better supply curves for energy resources, since the optimum decision from the model may be to use a lower capacity factor that is closer to the end consumer, depending on the costs associated. In the COFFEE model, wind resource was estimated considering 12 step curves for and 27 step discrete curves were created combining capacity factor, distance to shore and water depth for onshore and offshore, respectively. <xr id="fig:Wind_solar"/> summarizes the wind and solar resource categories.

<figure id="fig:Wind_solar">
[[File:wind_solar.png|600px|thumb|<caption>Wind and solar resource categories</caption>]]
</figure>.

In the COFFEE model, the quality of the hydro resources derives from two major components: capacity factors and resource availability. These aspects are directly associated with exploitation costs. Thus, the total resources can be separated in terms of costs in order to create a supply curve for Hydro power. The only available information of this kind was provided by the International Renewable Energy Agency (IRENA). [[CiteRef::ireana2014]] and other related literature provide regional profiles for hydro projects. The unexploited potential was used and condensed to estimate the hydro resource availability for the 18 regions of the model.

<figure id="fig:hydro">
[[File:hydro.png|600px|thumb|<caption>Estimated installed capacity, total potential and potential by category for the hydro resource (GW).</caption>]]
</figure>.

References - COFFEE-TEA

2019-08-03T02:15:40Z

Rafael Garaffa:

Uranium and other fissile resources - COFFEE-TEA

2019-08-03T02:10:03Z

Rafael Garaffa:

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The estimates available in the literature for uranium resources are a lot more comprehensive and agreeable then that of oil and gas due to the national and international interest in mapping the location and accessibility of the nuclear resources, due to risk of exposure to natural radiation and potential proliferation of non-energetic nuclear technologies. For instance, [[CiteRef::iaea2014]] and other related literature provide a summary of national reports, which includes resource assessment of natural uranium. All these studies used the IAEA classification for uranium resources [[CiteRef::iaea2014]]. The resources are divided into two aspects, extraction costs and resource nature, as shown in <xr id="fig:Uranium"/>.

<figure id="fig:Uranium">
[[File:uranium.png|600px|thumb|<caption>Global supply curve for uranium</caption>]]
</figure>.