Energy resource endowments - POLES - Revision history

Kimon Keramidas at 14:34, 22 December 2016

2016-12-22T14:34:44Z

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			The model distinguishes different geographical representations according to the resource considered.

			Supply is linked to demand regions via trade:
			* Oil: producers all export to single global market "pool"
			* Gas: large producers export towards 14 importing regions; small producers only supply domestic demand
			* Coal: large producers export towards 14 importing regions; small producers only supply domestic demand
			* Solid biomass: producers supply domestic demand or export towards a global market depending on the relative cost of production
			* Liquid biofuels: similar to solid biomass
			* Uranium: single global supply cost curve
			* Primary electricity (hydro, solar, wind): country-specific renewables potentials for power generation for domestic electricity demand

Kimon Keramidas: Replaced content with "{{ModelDocumentationTemplate |IsDocumentationOf=POLES |DocumentationCategory=Energy resource endowments }}"

2016-10-20T14:14:53Z

Replaced content with "{{ModelDocumentationTemplate |IsDocumentationOf=POLES |DocumentationCategory=Energy resource endowments }}"

← Older revision		Revision as of 16:14, 20 October 2016
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	~~== Fossil fuel resources ==~~

	~~The POLES model differentiates various types of fossil fuels:~~

	* oil: conventional, tar, heavy and oil shale / onland & shallow, deepwater, artic;
	* gas: conventional, shale gas / onland & shallow, deepwater and artic;
	* coal: steam and coke.

	~~The description below gives elements for oil, but they can be extended to gas and coal.~~

	~~[[File:36405505.png]]~~
	~~''Figure 1'''. Static aggregated oil production cost curve<br />~~

	While Figure 1 gives an aggregated static cost curve, the model actually uses ''dynamic'' cost curve per resource type integrating the cost of energy needs for production for each production country/ region. Consequently POLES fossil fuel cost curves thus evolve over time, by region and with the scenario settings (for instance: a CO2 pricing will affect the production cost of tar sands, ..).

	The supply module transforms resources into reserves through discovery effort (exploration and drilling) that depends on remaining resources, the (dynamic) production cost curve and international fuel prices, through elasticities that capture openness to investment and resource management strategies.

	~~Reserves are then turn into production depending on remaining reserves, the (dynamic) production cost curve and international fuels prices.~~

	~~[[File:36405504.png]]~~
	~~'''Figure 2''': Reserves discovery process in POLES (URR: ultimate Recoverable Resources, DISOIL: Discovery of oil)~~

	~~Sources of information include: BGR, USGS, IEA, MIT, industry estimates~~

	~~== Biomass resources ==~~

	Primary biomass resources for energy uses are classified in 3 categories for all POLES 57 countries / regions: energy crops, short rotation crops (cellulosic) and forest residues (cellulosic). Energy crops are dedicated to 1st generation biofuels, the 2 other categories are used in all other energy uses (a further split of biomass feedstocks has been implemented for Europe using information from the model GREEN-X). POLES uses by default a simplified modeling of land use to estimate the potential of these resources: land available, yields, share of harvest/land that can be allocated to energy uses.POLES also uses in a standard way exogenous estimates of potentials: for instance a soft linkage with the model GLOBIOM/G4M has been implemented that goves potential estimates and cost curves for all World regions (with th emodel GREEN-X at EU level). Biomass supply cost curves are attached to the various biomass types and come from GREEN-X, GLOBIOM and other sources.

	~~[[File:36405536.png]]~~
	~~''' Figure 3'''. Biomass resource use in POLES~~

	~~== Uranium resources==~~
	Uranium resources used in LWRs are represented at World level only (sources: IAEA / NEA Red Book, CEA estimates, ..). An uranium Price is derived from a global supply cost curve. LWR capacity development is also constrained by the amount of remaining resources. Fast breeders development is contrained by the production of waste from LWR.

	~~Sources of information include: IAEA/NEA Red Book, estimates from CNRS LPSC, ..~~

	~~== Hydro resources ==~~

	~~Hydro resources are defined for all 57 POLES countries / regions. They constraint the development of hydro power (which depends on identified projects and average power production costs).~~

	~~Sources of information include: WEC, IEA.~~

	~~== Solar resources ==~~

	Solar resources are defined as the maximum amount of solar energy that can harvested for the energy system. Solar energy in urban areas depends on the rooftop surface, solar energy in non-urban areas depends on land-use and distance to consuming centres. The resource is then used in the energy system depending on the economic conditions, considering netwrok constraints. The model uses mostly inside calculation considering solar irradiation, land use, population density and urban areas. In the case of the EU it can use information from the model GREEN-X.

	~~== Wind resources ==~~

	The model distinguishes between total resource and technical potential that is considered as harvestable, depending on distance to consuming centres and depths (for offshore resource). Total resources come from NREL estimates, technical potential can be internally calculated or also derived from NREL estimates. This potential is then used in the energy system depending on the economic conditions, considering network constraints. In the case of the EU the model can use information from the model GREEN-X.

Kimon Keramidas: Undo revision 5871 by Kimon Keramidas (talk)

2016-10-20T14:14:34Z

Undo revision 5871 by Kimon Keramidas (talk)

← Older revision		Revision as of 16:14, 20 October 2016
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	}}		}}
	== Fossil fuel resources ==		== Fossil fuel resources ==


	The POLES model differentiates various types of fossil fuels:		The POLES model differentiates various types of fossil fuels:
Line 14:		Line 13:
	The description below gives elements for oil, but they can be extended to gas and coal.		The description below gives elements for oil, but they can be extended to gas and coal.

	[[File:36405505.png~~\|none\|600px\|thumb\|<caption>~~Static aggregated oil production cost curve</~~caption~~>]]		[[File:36405505.png]]
			''Figure 1'''. Static aggregated oil production cost curve<br />

	While ~~this figure~~ gives an aggregated static cost curve, the model actually uses ''dynamic'' cost curve per resource type integrating the cost of energy needs for production for each production country/ region. Consequently POLES fossil fuel cost curves thus evolve over time, by region and with the scenario settings (for instance: a CO2 pricing will affect the production cost of tar sands, ..).		While Figure 1 gives an aggregated static cost curve, the model actually uses ''dynamic'' cost curve per resource type integrating the cost of energy needs for production for each production country/ region. Consequently POLES fossil fuel cost curves thus evolve over time, by region and with the scenario settings (for instance: a CO2 pricing will affect the production cost of tar sands, ..).

	The supply module transforms resources into reserves through discovery effort (exploration and drilling) that depends on remaining resources, the (dynamic) production cost curve and international fuel prices, through elasticities that capture openness to investment and resource management strategies.		The supply module transforms resources into reserves through discovery effort (exploration and drilling) that depends on remaining resources, the (dynamic) production cost curve and international fuel prices, through elasticities that capture openness to investment and resource management strategies.
Line 22:		Line 22:
	Reserves are then turn into production depending on remaining reserves, the (dynamic) production cost curve and international fuels prices.		Reserves are then turn into production depending on remaining reserves, the (dynamic) production cost curve and international fuels prices.

	[[File:36405504.png~~\|none\|600px\|thumb\|<caption>~~Reserves discovery process in POLES (URR: ultimate Recoverable Resources, DISOIL: Discovery of oil)~~</caption>]]~~		[[File:36405504.png]]
			'''Figure 2''': Reserves discovery process in POLES (URR: ultimate Recoverable Resources, DISOIL: Discovery of oil)

	Sources of information include: BGR, USGS, IEA, MIT, industry estimates		Sources of information include: BGR, USGS, IEA, MIT, industry estimates


	== Biomass resources ==		== Biomass resources ==


	Primary biomass resources for energy uses are classified in 3 categories for all POLES 57 countries / regions: energy crops, short rotation crops (cellulosic) and forest residues (cellulosic). Energy crops are dedicated to 1st generation biofuels, the 2 other categories are used in all other energy uses (a further split of biomass feedstocks has been implemented for Europe using information from the model GREEN-X). POLES uses by default a simplified modeling of land use to estimate the potential of these resources: land available, yields, share of harvest/land that can be allocated to energy uses.POLES also uses in a standard way exogenous estimates of potentials: for instance a soft linkage with the model GLOBIOM/G4M has been implemented that goves potential estimates and cost curves for all World regions (with th emodel GREEN-X at EU level). Biomass supply cost curves are attached to the various biomass types and come from GREEN-X, GLOBIOM and other sources.		Primary biomass resources for energy uses are classified in 3 categories for all POLES 57 countries / regions: energy crops, short rotation crops (cellulosic) and forest residues (cellulosic). Energy crops are dedicated to 1st generation biofuels, the 2 other categories are used in all other energy uses (a further split of biomass feedstocks has been implemented for Europe using information from the model GREEN-X). POLES uses by default a simplified modeling of land use to estimate the potential of these resources: land available, yields, share of harvest/land that can be allocated to energy uses.POLES also uses in a standard way exogenous estimates of potentials: for instance a soft linkage with the model GLOBIOM/G4M has been implemented that goves potential estimates and cost curves for all World regions (with th emodel GREEN-X at EU level). Biomass supply cost curves are attached to the various biomass types and come from GREEN-X, GLOBIOM and other sources.

	[[File:36405536.png~~\|none\|600px\|thumb\|<caption>~~Biomass resource use in POLES~~</caption>]]~~		[[File:36405536.png]]
			''' Figure 3'''. Biomass resource use in POLES

	== Uranium resources==		== Uranium resources==
			Uranium resources used in LWRs are represented at World level only (sources: IAEA / NEA Red Book, CEA estimates, ..). An uranium Price is derived from a global supply cost curve. LWR capacity development is also constrained by the amount of remaining resources. Fast breeders development is contrained by the production of waste from LWR.

	Uranium resources used in LWRs are represented at World level only (sources: IAEA / NEA Red Book, CEA estimates, ..). An ~~Uranium price~~ is derived from a global supply cost curve. LWR capacity development is also constrained by the amount of remaining resources. Fast breeders development is contrained by the production of waste from LWR.

	Sources of information include: IAEA/NEA Red Book, estimates from CNRS LPSC, ..		Sources of information include: IAEA/NEA Red Book, estimates from CNRS LPSC, ..


	== Hydro resources ==		== Hydro resources ==


	Hydro resources are defined for all 57 POLES countries / regions. They constraint the development of hydro power (which depends on identified projects and average power production costs).		Hydro resources are defined for all 57 POLES countries / regions. They constraint the development of hydro power (which depends on identified projects and average power production costs).

	Sources of information include: WEC, IEA.		Sources of information include: WEC, IEA.


	== Solar resources ==		== Solar resources ==


	Solar resources are defined as the maximum amount of solar energy that can harvested for the energy system. Solar energy in urban areas depends on the rooftop surface, solar energy in non-urban areas depends on land-use and distance to consuming centres. The resource is then used in the energy system depending on the economic conditions, considering netwrok constraints. The model uses mostly inside calculation considering solar irradiation, land use, population density and urban areas. In the case of the EU it can use information from the model GREEN-X.		Solar resources are defined as the maximum amount of solar energy that can harvested for the energy system. Solar energy in urban areas depends on the rooftop surface, solar energy in non-urban areas depends on land-use and distance to consuming centres. The resource is then used in the energy system depending on the economic conditions, considering netwrok constraints. The model uses mostly inside calculation considering solar irradiation, land use, population density and urban areas. In the case of the EU it can use information from the model GREEN-X.


	== Wind resources ==		== Wind resources ==


	The model distinguishes between total resource and technical potential that is considered as harvestable, depending on distance to consuming centres and depths (for offshore resource). Total resources come from NREL estimates, technical potential can be internally calculated or also derived from NREL estimates. This potential is then used in the energy system depending on the economic conditions, considering network constraints. In the case of the EU the model can use information from the model GREEN-X.		The model distinguishes between total resource and technical potential that is considered as harvestable, depending on distance to consuming centres and depths (for offshore resource). Total resources come from NREL estimates, technical potential can be internally calculated or also derived from NREL estimates. This potential is then used in the energy system depending on the economic conditions, considering network constraints. In the case of the EU the model can use information from the model GREEN-X.

Kimon Keramidas at 14:08, 20 October 2016

2016-10-20T14:08:00Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 16:08, 20 October 2016
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	}}		}}
	== Fossil fuel resources ==		== Fossil fuel resources ==


	The POLES model differentiates various types of fossil fuels:		The POLES model differentiates various types of fossil fuels:
Line 13:		Line 14:
	The description below gives elements for oil, but they can be extended to gas and coal.		The description below gives elements for oil, but they can be extended to gas and coal.

	[[File:36405505.png]]		[[File:36405505.png\|none\|600px\|thumb\|<caption>Static aggregated oil production cost curve</caption>]]
	~~''Figure 1'''.~~ Static aggregated oil production cost curve<br />

	While ~~Figure 1~~ gives an aggregated static cost curve, the model actually uses ''dynamic'' cost curve per resource type integrating the cost of energy needs for production for each production country/ region. Consequently POLES fossil fuel cost curves thus evolve over time, by region and with the scenario settings (for instance: a CO2 pricing will affect the production cost of tar sands, ..).		While this figure gives an aggregated static cost curve, the model actually uses ''dynamic'' cost curve per resource type integrating the cost of energy needs for production for each production country/ region. Consequently POLES fossil fuel cost curves thus evolve over time, by region and with the scenario settings (for instance: a CO2 pricing will affect the production cost of tar sands, ..).

	The supply module transforms resources into reserves through discovery effort (exploration and drilling) that depends on remaining resources, the (dynamic) production cost curve and international fuel prices, through elasticities that capture openness to investment and resource management strategies.		The supply module transforms resources into reserves through discovery effort (exploration and drilling) that depends on remaining resources, the (dynamic) production cost curve and international fuel prices, through elasticities that capture openness to investment and resource management strategies.
Line 22:		Line 22:
	Reserves are then turn into production depending on remaining reserves, the (dynamic) production cost curve and international fuels prices.		Reserves are then turn into production depending on remaining reserves, the (dynamic) production cost curve and international fuels prices.

	[[File:36405504.png]]		[[File:36405504.png\|none\|600px\|thumb\|<caption>Reserves discovery process in POLES (URR: ultimate Recoverable Resources, DISOIL: Discovery of oil)</caption>]]
	~~'''Figure 2''':~~ Reserves discovery process in POLES (URR: ultimate Recoverable Resources, DISOIL: Discovery of oil)

	Sources of information include: BGR, USGS, IEA, MIT, industry estimates		Sources of information include: BGR, USGS, IEA, MIT, industry estimates


	== Biomass resources ==		== Biomass resources ==


	Primary biomass resources for energy uses are classified in 3 categories for all POLES 57 countries / regions: energy crops, short rotation crops (cellulosic) and forest residues (cellulosic). Energy crops are dedicated to 1st generation biofuels, the 2 other categories are used in all other energy uses (a further split of biomass feedstocks has been implemented for Europe using information from the model GREEN-X). POLES uses by default a simplified modeling of land use to estimate the potential of these resources: land available, yields, share of harvest/land that can be allocated to energy uses.POLES also uses in a standard way exogenous estimates of potentials: for instance a soft linkage with the model GLOBIOM/G4M has been implemented that goves potential estimates and cost curves for all World regions (with th emodel GREEN-X at EU level). Biomass supply cost curves are attached to the various biomass types and come from GREEN-X, GLOBIOM and other sources.		Primary biomass resources for energy uses are classified in 3 categories for all POLES 57 countries / regions: energy crops, short rotation crops (cellulosic) and forest residues (cellulosic). Energy crops are dedicated to 1st generation biofuels, the 2 other categories are used in all other energy uses (a further split of biomass feedstocks has been implemented for Europe using information from the model GREEN-X). POLES uses by default a simplified modeling of land use to estimate the potential of these resources: land available, yields, share of harvest/land that can be allocated to energy uses.POLES also uses in a standard way exogenous estimates of potentials: for instance a soft linkage with the model GLOBIOM/G4M has been implemented that goves potential estimates and cost curves for all World regions (with th emodel GREEN-X at EU level). Biomass supply cost curves are attached to the various biomass types and come from GREEN-X, GLOBIOM and other sources.

	[[File:36405536.png]]		[[File:36405536.png\|none\|600px\|thumb\|<caption>Biomass resource use in POLES</caption>]]
	~~''' Figure 3'''.~~ Biomass resource use in POLES

	== Uranium resources==		== Uranium resources==
	Uranium resources used in LWRs are represented at World level only (sources: IAEA / NEA Red Book, CEA estimates, ..). An ~~uranium Price~~ is derived from a global supply cost curve. LWR capacity development is also constrained by the amount of remaining resources. Fast breeders development is contrained by the production of waste from LWR.

			Uranium resources used in LWRs are represented at World level only (sources: IAEA / NEA Red Book, CEA estimates, ..). An Uranium price is derived from a global supply cost curve. LWR capacity development is also constrained by the amount of remaining resources. Fast breeders development is contrained by the production of waste from LWR.

	Sources of information include: IAEA/NEA Red Book, estimates from CNRS LPSC, ..		Sources of information include: IAEA/NEA Red Book, estimates from CNRS LPSC, ..


	== Hydro resources ==		== Hydro resources ==


	Hydro resources are defined for all 57 POLES countries / regions. They constraint the development of hydro power (which depends on identified projects and average power production costs).		Hydro resources are defined for all 57 POLES countries / regions. They constraint the development of hydro power (which depends on identified projects and average power production costs).

	Sources of information include: WEC, IEA.		Sources of information include: WEC, IEA.


	== Solar resources ==		== Solar resources ==


	Solar resources are defined as the maximum amount of solar energy that can harvested for the energy system. Solar energy in urban areas depends on the rooftop surface, solar energy in non-urban areas depends on land-use and distance to consuming centres. The resource is then used in the energy system depending on the economic conditions, considering netwrok constraints. The model uses mostly inside calculation considering solar irradiation, land use, population density and urban areas. In the case of the EU it can use information from the model GREEN-X.		Solar resources are defined as the maximum amount of solar energy that can harvested for the energy system. Solar energy in urban areas depends on the rooftop surface, solar energy in non-urban areas depends on land-use and distance to consuming centres. The resource is then used in the energy system depending on the economic conditions, considering netwrok constraints. The model uses mostly inside calculation considering solar irradiation, land use, population density and urban areas. In the case of the EU it can use information from the model GREEN-X.


	== Wind resources ==		== Wind resources ==


	The model distinguishes between total resource and technical potential that is considered as harvestable, depending on distance to consuming centres and depths (for offshore resource). Total resources come from NREL estimates, technical potential can be internally calculated or also derived from NREL estimates. This potential is then used in the energy system depending on the economic conditions, considering network constraints. In the case of the EU the model can use information from the model GREEN-X.		The model distinguishes between total resource and technical potential that is considered as harvestable, depending on distance to consuming centres and depths (for offshore resource). Total resources come from NREL estimates, technical potential can be internally calculated or also derived from NREL estimates. This potential is then used in the energy system depending on the economic conditions, considering network constraints. In the case of the EU the model can use information from the model GREEN-X.

Rineke Oostenrijk: Text replacement - "(Image:.IMPORT\/attachments\/[0-9]\/[0-9]*.png\|)" to "File:"

2016-08-24T11:51:48Z

Text replacement - "(Image:.*IMPORT\/attachments\/[0-9]*\/[0-9]*.png\|)" to "File:"

← Older revision		Revision as of 13:51, 24 August 2016
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	The description below gives elements for oil, but they can be extended to gas and coal.		The description below gives elements for oil, but they can be extended to gas and coal.

	[[~~Image~~:~~POLESIMPORT/attachments/34379359/36405505.png\|~~36405505.png]]		[[File:36405505.png]]
	''Figure 1'''. Static aggregated oil production cost curve<br />		''Figure 1'''. Static aggregated oil production cost curve<br />

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	Reserves are then turn into production depending on remaining reserves, the (dynamic) production cost curve and international fuels prices.		Reserves are then turn into production depending on remaining reserves, the (dynamic) production cost curve and international fuels prices.

	[[~~Image~~:~~POLESIMPORT/attachments/34379359/36405504.png\|~~36405504.png]]		[[File:36405504.png]]
	'''Figure 2''': Reserves discovery process in POLES (URR: ultimate Recoverable Resources, DISOIL: Discovery of oil)		'''Figure 2''': Reserves discovery process in POLES (URR: ultimate Recoverable Resources, DISOIL: Discovery of oil)

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	Primary biomass resources for energy uses are classified in 3 categories for all POLES 57 countries / regions: energy crops, short rotation crops (cellulosic) and forest residues (cellulosic). Energy crops are dedicated to 1st generation biofuels, the 2 other categories are used in all other energy uses (a further split of biomass feedstocks has been implemented for Europe using information from the model GREEN-X). POLES uses by default a simplified modeling of land use to estimate the potential of these resources: land available, yields, share of harvest/land that can be allocated to energy uses.POLES also uses in a standard way exogenous estimates of potentials: for instance a soft linkage with the model GLOBIOM/G4M has been implemented that goves potential estimates and cost curves for all World regions (with th emodel GREEN-X at EU level). Biomass supply cost curves are attached to the various biomass types and come from GREEN-X, GLOBIOM and other sources.		Primary biomass resources for energy uses are classified in 3 categories for all POLES 57 countries / regions: energy crops, short rotation crops (cellulosic) and forest residues (cellulosic). Energy crops are dedicated to 1st generation biofuels, the 2 other categories are used in all other energy uses (a further split of biomass feedstocks has been implemented for Europe using information from the model GREEN-X). POLES uses by default a simplified modeling of land use to estimate the potential of these resources: land available, yields, share of harvest/land that can be allocated to energy uses.POLES also uses in a standard way exogenous estimates of potentials: for instance a soft linkage with the model GLOBIOM/G4M has been implemented that goves potential estimates and cost curves for all World regions (with th emodel GREEN-X at EU level). Biomass supply cost curves are attached to the various biomass types and come from GREEN-X, GLOBIOM and other sources.

	[[~~Image~~:~~POLESIMPORT/attachments/34379359/36405536.png\|~~36405536.png]]		[[File:36405536.png]]
	''' Figure 3'''. Biomass resource use in POLES		''' Figure 3'''. Biomass resource use in POLES

Rineke Oostenrijk: 1 revision imported

2016-08-17T09:53:02Z

1 revision imported

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Revision as of 11:53, 17 August 2016

Rineke Oostenrijk: /* Solar resources */

2016-08-16T12:07:01Z

Solar resources

New page

{{ModelDocumentationTemplate
|IsDocumentationOf=POLES
|DocumentationCategory=Energy resource endowments
}}
== Fossil fuel resources ==

The POLES model differentiates various types of fossil fuels:

* oil: conventional, tar, heavy and oil shale / onland & shallow, deepwater, artic;
* gas: conventional, shale gas / onland & shallow, deepwater and artic;
* coal: steam and coke.

The description below gives elements for oil, but they can be extended to gas and coal.

[[Image:POLESIMPORT/attachments/34379359/36405505.png|36405505.png]]
''Figure 1'''. Static aggregated oil production cost curve<br />

While Figure 1 gives an aggregated static cost curve, the model actually uses ''dynamic'' cost curve per resource type integrating the cost of energy needs for production for each production country/ region. Consequently POLES fossil fuel cost curves thus evolve over time, by region and with the scenario settings (for instance: a CO2 pricing will affect the production cost of tar sands, ..).

The supply module transforms resources into reserves through discovery effort (exploration and drilling) that depends on remaining resources, the (dynamic) production cost curve and international fuel prices, through elasticities that capture openness to investment and resource management strategies.

Reserves are then turn into production depending on remaining reserves, the (dynamic) production cost curve and international fuels prices.

[[Image:POLESIMPORT/attachments/34379359/36405504.png|36405504.png]]
'''Figure 2''': Reserves discovery process in POLES (URR: ultimate Recoverable Resources, DISOIL: Discovery of oil)

Sources of information include: BGR, USGS, IEA, MIT, industry estimates

== Biomass resources ==

Primary biomass resources for energy uses are classified in 3 categories for all POLES 57 countries / regions: energy crops, short rotation crops (cellulosic) and forest residues (cellulosic). Energy crops are dedicated to 1st generation biofuels, the 2 other categories are used in all other energy uses (a further split of biomass feedstocks has been implemented for Europe using information from the model GREEN-X). POLES uses by default a simplified modeling of land use to estimate the potential of these resources: land available, yields, share of harvest/land that can be allocated to energy uses.POLES also uses in a standard way exogenous estimates of potentials: for instance a soft linkage with the model GLOBIOM/G4M has been implemented that goves potential estimates and cost curves for all World regions (with th emodel GREEN-X at EU level). Biomass supply cost curves are attached to the various biomass types and come from GREEN-X, GLOBIOM and other sources.

[[Image:POLESIMPORT/attachments/34379359/36405536.png|36405536.png]]
''' Figure 3'''. Biomass resource use in POLES

== Uranium resources==
Uranium resources used in LWRs are represented at World level only (sources: IAEA / NEA Red Book, CEA estimates, ..). An uranium Price is derived from a global supply cost curve. LWR capacity development is also constrained by the amount of remaining resources. Fast breeders development is contrained by the production of waste from LWR.

Sources of information include: IAEA/NEA Red Book, estimates from CNRS LPSC, ..

== Hydro resources ==

Hydro resources are defined for all 57 POLES countries / regions. They constraint the development of hydro power (which depends on identified projects and average power production costs).

Sources of information include: WEC, IEA.

== Solar resources ==

Solar resources are defined as the maximum amount of solar energy that can harvested for the energy system. Solar energy in urban areas depends on the rooftop surface, solar energy in non-urban areas depends on land-use and distance to consuming centres. The resource is then used in the energy system depending on the economic conditions, considering netwrok constraints. The model uses mostly inside calculation considering solar irradiation, land use, population density and urban areas. In the case of the EU it can use information from the model GREEN-X.

== Wind resources ==

The model distinguishes between total resource and technical potential that is considered as harvestable, depending on distance to consuming centres and depths (for offshore resource). Total resources come from NREL estimates, technical potential can be internally calculated or also derived from NREL estimates. This potential is then used in the energy system depending on the economic conditions, considering network constraints. In the case of the EU the model can use information from the model GREEN-X.