Model Documentation - REMIND-MAgPIE - Revision history

Mathijs Harmsen at 10:49, 22 July 2025

2025-07-22T10:49:10Z

Mathijs Harmsen at 10:47, 22 July 2025

2025-07-22T10:47:36Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 12:47, 22 July 2025
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	== ~~INTRODUCTION~~ ==		== Introduction ==

	This documentation describes the '''REMIND-MAgPIE''' framework coupling the energy-economy model '''REMIND''' and the agricultural production model '''MAgPIE'''.		This documentation describes the '''REMIND-MAgPIE''' framework coupling the energy-economy model '''REMIND''' and the agricultural production model '''MAgPIE'''.

Mathijs Harmsen at 10:46, 22 July 2025

2025-07-22T10:46:35Z

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 This documentation describes the '''REMIND-MAgPIE''' framework coupling the energy-economy model '''REMIND''' and the agricultural production model '''MAgPIE'''.
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 == REMIND-MAgPIE ==
 For some questions, '''REMIND''' and '''MAgPIE''' are soft coupled to provide a detailed answer. From a climate protection perspective, two aspects of the land-use sector are of particular interest: the supply of biomass that can be used for energy production (possibly with carbon capture and storage – CCS) and the total emissions of the land-use sector. Changing crucial parameters in REMIND (such as the climate target or the availability of technologies or resources) can have significant impact on GHG prices and bioenergy demand. Thus, REMIND and MAgPIE can be run in an iterative soft-coupled mode, where REMIND updates MAgPIE's assumptions regarding bioenergy demand and GHG prices, and MAgPIE, in turn, updates REMIND's assumptions regarding bioenergy prices and land-use emissions and agricultural production costs. The iteration is continued until changes between iterations become negligible. The resulting scenarios are consistent regarding the price and quantity of bioenergy and GHG emissions.

Mathijs Harmsen: Reverted edits by Mathijs Harmsen (talk) to last revision by Lavinia Baumstark

2023-05-11T10:33:29Z

Reverted edits by Mathijs Harmsen (talk) to last revision by Lavinia Baumstark

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	This ~~document~~ describes the ~~Integrated Assessment Model~~ REMIND-MAgPIE~~, which stands for “Regional Model of Investments~~ and ~~Development”, in its version 1.7. It updates~~ the ~~documentation of the previous model version 1.6. The~~ model ~~was originally introduced by Leimbach et al. (2010b). More information—including a documentation of the system of equations—is available on the REMIND-~~MAgPIE ~~website. <ref>See https://www.pik-potsdam.de/research/sustainable-solutions/models/remind for further documentation on REMIND-MAgPIE. The model is programmed in GAMS~~.~~</ref>~~		This documentation describes the '''REMIND-MAgPIE''' framework coupling the energy-economy model '''REMIND''' and the agricultural production model '''MAgPIE'''.

	REMIND~~-MAgPIE is a '''global energy-economy-climate model spanning the years 2005-2100'''. <xr id~~=~~"fig:Remind_1"/> illustrates its general structure.~~ The ~~macro-economic core of REMIND-MAgPIE is a Ramsey-type optimal growth model in which inter-temporal welfare is maximized. REMIND-MAgPIE divides the world into~~ '''~~11 regions~~'''~~: five individual countries~~ (~~China, India, Japan, United States~~ of ~~America,~~ and ~~Russia~~) and ~~six aggregated regions formed by~~ the ~~remaining countries (European Union~~, ~~Latin America~~, ~~sub-Saharan Africa without South Africa~~, ~~Middle East / North Africa / Central Asia, other Asia, Rest~~ of the ~~World). The model computes the market equilibrium either as a Pareto optimal solution in which global~~ welfare ~~is maximized (cooperative solution assuming all externalities are internalized), or as a non~~-~~cooperative Nash solution~~ in ~~which welfare is optimized on~~ the ~~regional level without internalization~~ of ~~interregional externalities~~. ~~The model explicitly represents '''~~trade~~''' in final~~ goods, ~~primary~~ energy ~~carriers~~, and ~~in the case of climate policy,~~ emissions allowances. ~~'''Macro-economic production''' factors~~ are ~~capital, labor, and final energy. REMIND-MAgPIE uses economic '''output''' for investments~~ in the ~~macro-economic capital stock as well as consumption, trade, and energy system expenditures~~.		== REMIND ==
			The Integrated Assessment Model '''REMIND''' (REgional Model of Investment and Development) represents the future evolution of the world economies with a special focus on the development of the energy sector and the implications for our world climate. Given a set of population, technology, policy and climate constraints, the goal of REMIND is to find the welfare-optimal mix of investments in the economy and the energy sectors of each model region. It also accounts for regional trade characteristics on goods, energy fuels, and emissions allowances. All greenhouse gas emissions due to human activities are represented in the model.

	~~The~~ macro-economic ~~core and the energy system module are '''hard~~-~~linked''' via the final energy demand and costs incurred by the~~ energy system. ~~Economic activity results in demand for final~~ energy ~~such as transport energy, electricity,~~ and non-electric energy for stationary end uses. A production function with constant elasticity of substitution (nested '''CES production function''') determines the final energy demand. The energy system module accounts for endowments of exhaustible primary '''energy resources''' as well as renewable energy potentials. More than 50 '''technologies~~''' are available for~~ the ~~conversion~~ of ~~primary energy into secondary energy carriers as well as for the distribution of secondary energy carriers into final energy~~.		REMIND is an energy-economy general equilibrium model linking a macro-economic growth model with a bottom-up engineering-based energy system model. It covers twelve world regions, differentiates various energy carriers and technologies and represents the dynamics of economic growth and international trade.

	~~REMIND-MAgPIE uses reduced~~-~~form emulators derived from the detailed land-use and agricultural~~ model ~~MAgPIE to represent land~~-~~use~~ and ~~agricultural emissions as well as bioenergy supply~~ and ~~other land~~-~~based mitigation options~~. REMIND~~-MAgPIE can also be run~~ in ~~fully coupled mode with~~ the ~~MAgPIE model (Lotze~~-~~Campen et al. 2008)~~.		A Ramsey-type growth model with perfect foresight serves as a macro-economic core projecting growth, savings and investments, factor incomes, energy and material demand. The macro-economic production factors are capital, labor, and final energy. A nested production function with constant elasticity of substitution determines the final energy demand. REMIND uses economic output for investments in the macro-economic capital stock as well as for consumption, trade, and energy system expenditures.

	The ~~model accounts~~ for the ~~full range~~ of ~~anthropogenic greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions, most~~ of ~~which~~ are ~~represented~~ by ~~source~~. ~~The MAGICC 6~~ (~~Meinshausen et al~~. ~~2011b~~) ~~climate model is used to translate emissions into changes in atmospheric composition, radiative forcing~~ and ~~climate change~~.		The energy system representation differentiates between a variety of fossil, biogenic, nuclear and renewable energy resources. More than 50 technologies are available for the conversion of primary energy into secondary energy carriers as well as for the distribution of secondary energy carriers into final energy. The macro-economic core and the energy system part are hard-linked via the final energy demand and the costs incurred by the energy system. Economic activity results in demand for final energy in different sectors (transport, industry, buildings..) and of different type (electric and non-electric).

	~~<figure id="fig:Remind_1">~~		The model accounts for crucial drivers of energy system inertia and path dependencies by representing full capacity vintage structure, technological learning of emergent new technologies, as well as adjustment costs for rapid upscaling of new technologies. The emissions of greenhouse gases (GHGs) and air pollutants are largely represented by source and linked to activities in the energy-economic system. Several energy sector policies are represented explicitly, including energy-sector fuel taxes and consumer subsidies.
	~~[[File:54068106~~.~~jpg]]~~
	~~</figure>~~

	~~'''Figure~~ 1~~'''~~. ~~General structure of the REMIND~~-~~MAgPIE model~~.		==== Further reading: ====
			* REMIND code on GitHub: <nowiki>https://github.com/remindmodel/remind</nowiki>
			* REMIND documentation (version 2.1.3): <nowiki>https://rse.pik-potsdam.de/doc/remind/2.1.3</nowiki>
			* REMIND2.1 paper: <nowiki>https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-14-6571-2021</nowiki>

	~~In terms~~ of its ~~macro~~-economic ~~formulation~~, ~~REMIND-MAgPIE resembles other~~ well ~~established integrated assessment models such~~ as ~~RICE (Nordhaus~~ and ~~Yang 1996) and MERGE~~ (~~Manne et al. 1995~~). ~~However~~, ~~REMIND-MAgPIE is broader in scope and features a substantially higher level of detail in~~ the ~~representation of energy-system technologies, trade~~, and ~~global capital markets~~. ~~In contrast to RICE, REMIND-MAgPIE does not monetize climate damages, and therefore~~ is ~~not applied~~ to ~~determine~~ a ~~(hypothetical) economically optimal level~~ of ~~climate change mitigation ("cost-benefit mode"), but rather efficient strategies to attain~~ an exogenously ~~prescribed climate target ("cost~~-~~effectiveness mode")~~.		== MAgPIE ==
			The Model of Agricultural Production and its Impact on the Environment ('''MAgPIE''') is a global land use allocation model, which is connected to the grid-based dynamic vegetation model LPJmL, with a spatial resolution of 0.5°x0.5°. It takes regional economic conditions such as demand for agricultural commodities, technological development and production costs as well as spatially explicit data on potential crop yields, land and water constraints (from LPJmL) into account. Based on these, the model derives specific land use patterns, yields and total costs of agricultural production for each grid cell. The objective function of the land use model is to minimize total cost of production for a given amount of regional food and bioenergy demand. Regional food energy demand is defined for an exogenously given population in 10 food energy categories, based on regional diets. Future trends in food demand are derived from a cross-country regression analysis, based on future scenarios on GDP and population growth.

	~~<xr id="tab:REMIND-MAgPIEtable_1"/> provides an overview~~ of ~~REMIND-MAgPIE's key features~~. ~~Sections 2-5 describe individual modules~~, ~~along with the relevant parameters~~ and ~~assumptions~~. ~~Section 6 lists~~ the model~~'s strength and limits~~.		Food and feed energy for the demand categories can be produced by 20 cropping activities and 3 livestock activities. Feed for livestock is produced as a mixture of crops, crop residuals, processing byproducts, green fodder produced on crop land, and pasture. Variable inputs of production are labour, chemicals, and other capital (all measured in US$). Costs of production are derived from the Global Trade Analysis Project (GTAP) Database. The model can endogenously decide to acquire yield-increasing technological change at additional costs. The costs for technological change for each economic region are based on its level of agricultural development, measured as agricultural land-use intensity. These costs grow with further investment in technological change. The use of technological change is either triggered by a better cost-effectiveness compared to other investments or as a response to resource constraints, such as land scarcity.

	~~'''Table~~ 1~~'''. Key features~~ of ~~REMIND~~-~~MAgPIE~~, and ~~reference~~ to the relevant ~~sections~~ in ~~this documentation~~.		For future projections the model works on 5-10 year a time steps of 10 years in a recursive dynamic mode. The link between two consecutive periods is established through the land-use pattern. The optimized land-use pattern from one period is taken as the initial land constraint in the next. If necessary, additional land from non-agricultural areas can be converted into cropland at additional costs. Potential crop yields for MAgPIE are originally computed with LPJmL at a 0.5° resolution, as weighted average of irrigated and non-irrigated production, if part of the grid cell is equipped for irrigation according to the global map of irrigated areas. In case of purely rain-fed production, no additional water is required, but yields are generally lower than under irrigation. If a certain area share is irrigated, additional water for agriculture is taken from available water discharge in the grid cell. Each cell of the geographic grid is assigned to 1 of 120 economic world regions: CAZ (Canada, Australia and New Zealand; CHA (China); EUR (European Union); IND (India); JPN (Japan); LAM (Latin America); MEA (Middle East and north Africa); NEU (non-EU member states); OAS (other Asia); REF (reforming countries); SSA (Sub-Saharan Africa); USA (United States) The regions are initially characterized by data for the year 1995 on population, gross domestic product (GDP), food energy demand, average production costs for different production activities, and current self-sufficiency ratios for food. Land-conversion activities provide for potential expansion and shifts of agricultural land in specific locations. For the base year 1995, total agricultural land is constrained to the area currently used within each grid cell, according to the dataset of as extended by. Cropland can be converted into rangeland, and vice versa. If additional land is required for fulfilling demand, this can be taken from the pool of non-agricultural land at additional costs. These land-conversion costs force the model to utilize available cropland and rangeland first, and land conversion will become relevant only if land becomes scarce in a certain location or if the marginal cost reductions by producing crops on converted land outweigh the costs of conversion.

	~~<figtable id~~=~~"tab~~:~~REMIND~~-~~MAgPIEtable_1"~~>		==== Further reading: ====
	~~[[File~~:~~54076253~~.~~jpg]]~~		* MAgPIE code on GitHub: https://github.com/magpiemodel/magpie
	</~~figtable~~>		* MAgPIE documentation (Version 4.3.0): https://rse.pik-potsdam.de/doc/magpie/4.3/
			* MAgPIE 4 paper: <nowiki>https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-12-1299-2019</nowiki>

			== REMIND-MAgPIE ==
			For some questions, '''REMIND''' and '''MAgPIE''' are soft coupled to provide a detailed answer. From a climate protection perspective, two aspects of the land-use sector are of particular interest: the supply of biomass that can be used for energy production (possibly with carbon capture and storage – CCS) and the total emissions of the land-use sector. Changing crucial parameters in REMIND (such as the climate target or the availability of technologies or resources) can have significant impact on GHG prices and bioenergy demand. Thus, REMIND and MAgPIE can be run in an iterative soft-coupled mode, where REMIND updates MAgPIE's assumptions regarding bioenergy demand and GHG prices, and MAgPIE, in turn, updates REMIND's assumptions regarding bioenergy prices and land-use emissions and agricultural production costs. The iteration is continued until changes between iterations become negligible. The resulting scenarios are consistent regarding the price and quantity of bioenergy and GHG emissions.

Mathijs Harmsen: Undo revision 15354 by Lavinia Baumstark (talk)

2023-02-22T16:51:44Z

Undo revision 15354 by Lavinia Baumstark (talk)

← Older revision		Revision as of 18:51, 22 February 2023
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	}}		}}
	This ~~documentation~~ describes the ~~'''~~REMIND-MAgPIE~~''' framework coupling~~ the ~~energy~~-~~economy model '''~~REMIND~~''' and the agricultural production~~ model ~~'''MAgPIE'''~~.		This document describes the Integrated Assessment Model REMIND-MAgPIE, which stands for “Regional Model of Investments and Development”, in its version 1.7. It updates the documentation of the previous model version 1.6. The model was originally introduced by Leimbach et al. (2010b). More information—including a documentation of the system of equations—is available on the REMIND-MAgPIE website. <ref>See https://www.pik-potsdam.de/research/sustainable-solutions/models/remind for further documentation on REMIND-MAgPIE. The model is programmed in GAMS.</ref>

	== REMIND ==		REMIND-MAgPIE is a '''global energy-economy-climate model spanning the years 2005-2100'''. <xr id="fig:Remind_1"/> illustrates its general structure. The macro-economic core of REMIND-MAgPIE is a Ramsey-type optimal growth model in which inter-temporal welfare is maximized. REMIND-MAgPIE divides the world into '''11 regions''': five individual countries (China, India, Japan, United States of America, and Russia) and six aggregated regions formed by the remaining countries (European Union, Latin America, sub-Saharan Africa without South Africa, Middle East / North Africa / Central Asia, other Asia, Rest of the World). The model computes the market equilibrium either as a Pareto optimal solution in which global welfare is maximized (cooperative solution assuming all externalities are internalized), or as a non-cooperative Nash solution in which welfare is optimized on the regional level without internalization of interregional externalities. The model explicitly represents '''trade''' in final goods, primary energy carriers, and in the case of climate policy, emissions allowances. '''Macro-economic production''' factors are capital, labor, and final energy. REMIND-MAgPIE uses economic '''output''' for investments in the macro-economic capital stock as well as consumption, trade, and energy system expenditures.
	The ~~Integrated Assessment Model~~ '''~~REMIND~~''' (~~REgional Model~~ of ~~Investment~~ and ~~Development~~) ~~represents the future evolution of the world economies with a special focus on the development of the energy sector~~ and the ~~implications for our world climate. Given a set of population~~, ~~technology~~, ~~policy and climate constraints~~, the ~~goal of REMIND is to find~~ the welfare-~~optimal mix of investments~~ in the ~~economy and the energy sectors~~ of ~~each~~ model ~~region. It also accounts for regional~~ trade ~~characteristics on~~ goods, energy ~~fuels~~, and emissions allowances. ~~All greenhouse gas emissions due to human activities~~ are ~~represented~~ in the ~~model~~.

	~~REMIND is an energy-economy general equilibrium model linking a~~ macro-economic ~~growth model with a bottom~~-~~up engineering~~-~~based~~ energy system ~~model~~. ~~It covers twelve world regions, differentiates various~~ energy carriers ~~and technologies and represents~~ the ~~dynamics~~ of ~~economic growth and international trade~~.		The macro-economic core and the energy system module are '''hard-linked''' via the final energy demand and costs incurred by the energy system. Economic activity results in demand for final energy such as transport energy, electricity, and non-electric energy for stationary end uses. A production function with constant elasticity of substitution (nested '''CES production function''') determines the final energy demand. The energy system module accounts for endowments of exhaustible primary '''energy resources''' as well as renewable energy potentials. More than 50 '''technologies''' are available for the conversion of primary energy into secondary energy carriers as well as for the distribution of secondary energy carriers into final energy.

	~~A Ramsey~~-~~type growth~~ model ~~with perfect foresight serves as a macro~~-~~economic core projecting growth, savings~~ and ~~investments, factor incomes, energy~~ and ~~material demand. The macro~~-~~economic production factors are capital, labor, and final energy. A nested production function with constant elasticity of substitution determines the final energy demand~~. REMIND ~~uses economic output for investments~~ in the ~~macro~~-~~economic capital stock as well as for consumption, trade, and energy system expenditures~~.		REMIND-MAgPIE uses reduced-form emulators derived from the detailed land-use and agricultural model MAgPIE to represent land-use and agricultural emissions as well as bioenergy supply and other land-based mitigation options. REMIND-MAgPIE can also be run in fully coupled mode with the MAgPIE model (Lotze-Campen et al. 2008).

	The ~~energy system representation differentiates between a variety of fossil, biogenic, nuclear and renewable energy resources. More than 50 technologies are available~~ for the ~~conversion~~ of ~~primary energy into secondary energy carriers as well as for the distribution~~ of ~~secondary energy carriers into final energy. The macro-economic core and the energy system part~~ are ~~hard-linked via the final energy demand and the costs incurred~~ by ~~the energy system~~. ~~Economic activity results in demand for final energy in different sectors~~ (~~transport, industry, buildings.~~.) and ~~of different type (electric and non-electric)~~.		The model accounts for the full range of anthropogenic greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions, most of which are represented by source. The MAGICC 6 (Meinshausen et al. 2011b) climate model is used to translate emissions into changes in atmospheric composition, radiative forcing and climate change.

	The model accounts for crucial drivers of energy system inertia and path dependencies by representing full capacity vintage structure, technological learning of emergent new technologies, as well as adjustment costs for rapid upscaling of new technologies. The emissions of greenhouse gases (GHGs) and air pollutants are largely represented by source and linked to activities in the energy-economic system. Several energy sector policies are represented explicitly, including energy-sector fuel taxes and consumer subsidies.		<figure id="fig:Remind_1">
			[[File:54068106.jpg]]
			</figure>

	~~==== Further reading: ====~~		'''Figure 1'''. General structure of the REMIND-MAgPIE model.
	* REMIND code on GitHub: <nowiki>https://github.~~com/remindmodel/remind</nowiki>~~
	* REMIND ~~documentation (version 2.1.3): <nowiki>https://rse.pik~~-~~potsdam.de/doc/remind/2.1.3</nowiki>~~
	* REMIND2.1 paper: <nowiki>https://doi.org/10.~~5194/gmd-14-6571-2021</nowiki>~~

	~~== MAgPIE ==~~		In terms of its macro-economic formulation, REMIND-MAgPIE resembles other well established integrated assessment models such as RICE (Nordhaus and Yang 1996) and MERGE (Manne et al. 1995). However, REMIND-MAgPIE is broader in scope and features a substantially higher level of detail in the representation of energy-system technologies, trade, and global capital markets. In contrast to RICE, REMIND-MAgPIE does not monetize climate damages, and therefore is not applied to determine a (hypothetical) economically optimal level of climate change mitigation ("cost-benefit mode"), but rather efficient strategies to attain an exogenously prescribed climate target ("cost-effectiveness mode").
	~~The Model~~ of ~~Agricultural Production and~~ its ~~Impact on the Environment ('''MAgPIE''') is a global land use allocation model~~, ~~which is connected to the grid~~-~~based dynamic vegetation model LPJmL, with a spatial resolution of 0.5°x0.5°. It takes regional economic conditions~~ such as ~~demand for agricultural commodities, technological development~~ and ~~production costs as well as spatially explicit data on potential crop yields, land~~ and ~~water constraints~~ (~~from LPJmL~~) ~~into account~~. ~~Based on these~~, the ~~model derives specific land use patterns~~, ~~yields~~ and ~~total costs of agricultural production for each grid cell~~. ~~The objective function of the land use model~~ is to ~~minimize total cost of production for~~ a ~~given amount~~ of ~~regional food and bioenergy demand. Regional food energy demand is defined for~~ an exogenously ~~given population in 10 food energy categories, based on regional diets. Future trends in food demand are derived from a cross~~-~~country regression analysis, based on future scenarios on GDP and population growth~~.

	~~Food and feed energy for the demand categories can be produced by 20 cropping activities and 3 livestock activities. Feed for livestock is produced as a mixture~~ of ~~crops, crop residuals, processing byproducts, green fodder produced on crop land, and pasture~~. ~~Variable inputs of production are labour, chemicals~~, and ~~other capital (all measured in US$)~~. ~~Costs of production are derived from~~ the ~~Global Trade Analysis Project (GTAP) Database. The~~ model can endogenously decide to acquire yield-increasing technological change at additional costs. The costs for technological change for each economic region are based on its level of agricultural development, measured as agricultural land-use intensity. These costs grow with further investment in technological change. The use of technological change is either triggered by a better cost-effectiveness compared to other investments or as a response to resource constraints, such as land scarcity.		<xr id="tab:REMIND-MAgPIEtable_1"/> provides an overview of REMIND-MAgPIE's key features. Sections 2-5 describe individual modules, along with the relevant parameters and assumptions. Section 6 lists the model's strength and limits.

	~~For future projections the model works on 5-10 year a time steps~~ of ~~10 years in a recursive dynamic mode. The link between two consecutive periods is established through the land~~-use pattern. The optimized land-use pattern from one period is taken as the initial land constraint in the next. If necessary, additional land from non-agricultural areas can be converted into cropland at additional costs. Potential crop yields for MAgPIE ~~are originally computed with LPJmL at a 0.5° resolution~~, ~~as weighted average of irrigated~~ and ~~non-irrigated production, if part of the grid cell is equipped for irrigation according~~ to the global map of irrigated areas. In case of purely rain-fed production, no additional water is required, but yields are generally lower than under irrigation. If a certain area share is irrigated, additional water for agriculture is taken from available water discharge in the grid cell. Each cell of the geographic grid is assigned to 1 of 120 economic world regions: CAZ (Canada, Australia and New Zealand; CHA (China); EUR (European Union); IND (India); JPN (Japan); LAM (Latin America); MEA (Middle East and north Africa); NEU (non-EU member states); OAS (other Asia); REF (reforming countries); SSA (Sub-Saharan Africa); USA (United States) The regions are initially characterized by data for the year 1995 on population, gross domestic product (GDP), food energy demand, average production costs for different production activities, and current self-sufficiency ratios for food. Land-conversion activities provide for potential expansion and shifts of agricultural land in specific locations. For the base year 1995, total agricultural land is constrained to the area currently used within each grid cell, according to the dataset of as extended by. Cropland can be converted into rangeland, and vice versa. If additional land is required for fulfilling demand, this can be taken from the pool of non-agricultural land at additional costs. These land-conversion costs force the model to utilize available cropland and rangeland first, and land conversion will become relevant only if land becomes scarce in a certain location or if the marginal cost reductions by producing crops on converted land outweigh the costs of conversion.		'''Table 1'''. Key features of REMIND-MAgPIE, and reference to the relevant sections in this documentation.

	=~~=== Further reading~~: ~~====~~		<figtable id="tab:REMIND-MAgPIEtable_1">
	* MAgPIE code on GitHub: ~~https://github~~.~~com/magpiemodel/magpie~~		[[File:54076253.jpg]]
	* MAgPIE documentation (Version 4.3.0): https://rse.pik-potsdam.de/doc/magpie/4.3/		</figtable>
	* MAgPIE 4 paper: <~~nowiki>https:~~/~~/doi.org/10.5194/gmd-12-1299-2019</nowiki~~>

	~~== REMIND-MAgPIE ==~~
	For some questions, '''REMIND''' and '''MAgPIE''' are soft coupled to provide a detailed answer. From a climate protection perspective, two aspects of the land-use sector are of particular interest: the supply of biomass that can be used for energy production (possibly with carbon capture and storage – CCS) and the total emissions of the land-use sector. Changing crucial parameters in REMIND (such as the climate target or the availability of technologies or resources) can have significant impact on GHG prices and bioenergy demand. Thus, REMIND and MAgPIE can be run in an iterative soft-coupled mode, where REMIND updates MAgPIE's assumptions regarding bioenergy demand and GHG prices, and MAgPIE, in turn, updates REMIND's assumptions regarding bioenergy prices and land-use emissions and agricultural production costs. The iteration is continued until changes between iterations become negligible. The resulting scenarios are consistent regarding the price and quantity of bioenergy and GHG emissions.

Lavinia Baumstark: adjust to REMIND-MAgPIE

2022-01-25T09:46:07Z

adjust to REMIND-MAgPIE

← Older revision		Revision as of 11:46, 25 January 2022
Line 4:		Line 4:
	\|DocumentationCategory=Model Documentation		\|DocumentationCategory=Model Documentation
	}}		}}
	This ~~document~~ describes the ~~Integrated Assessment Model~~ REMIND-MAgPIE~~, which stands for “Regional Model of Investments~~ and ~~Development”, in its version 1.7. It updates~~ the ~~documentation of the previous model version 1.6. The~~ model ~~was originally introduced by Leimbach et al. (2010b). More information—including a documentation of the system of equations—is available on the REMIND-~~MAgPIE ~~website. <ref>See https://www.pik-potsdam.de/research/sustainable-solutions/models/remind for further documentation on REMIND-MAgPIE. The model is programmed in GAMS~~.~~</ref>~~		This documentation describes the '''REMIND-MAgPIE''' framework coupling the energy-economy model '''REMIND''' and the agricultural production model '''MAgPIE'''.

	REMIND~~-MAgPIE is a '''global energy-economy-climate model spanning the years 2005-2100'''. <xr id~~=~~"fig:Remind_1"/> illustrates its general structure.~~ The ~~macro-economic core of REMIND-MAgPIE is a Ramsey-type optimal growth model in which inter-temporal welfare is maximized. REMIND-MAgPIE divides the world into~~ '''~~11 regions~~'''~~: five individual countries~~ (~~China, India, Japan, United States~~ of ~~America,~~ and ~~Russia~~) and ~~six aggregated regions formed by~~ the ~~remaining countries (European Union~~, ~~Latin America~~, ~~sub-Saharan Africa without South Africa~~, ~~Middle East / North Africa / Central Asia, other Asia, Rest~~ of the ~~World). The model computes the market equilibrium either as a Pareto optimal solution in which global~~ welfare ~~is maximized (cooperative solution assuming all externalities are internalized), or as a non~~-~~cooperative Nash solution~~ in ~~which welfare is optimized on~~ the ~~regional level without internalization~~ of ~~interregional externalities~~. ~~The model explicitly represents '''~~trade~~''' in final~~ goods, ~~primary~~ energy ~~carriers~~, and ~~in the case of climate policy,~~ emissions allowances. ~~'''Macro-economic production''' factors~~ are ~~capital, labor, and final energy. REMIND-MAgPIE uses economic '''output''' for investments~~ in the ~~macro-economic capital stock as well as consumption, trade, and energy system expenditures~~.		== REMIND ==
			The Integrated Assessment Model '''REMIND''' (REgional Model of Investment and Development) represents the future evolution of the world economies with a special focus on the development of the energy sector and the implications for our world climate. Given a set of population, technology, policy and climate constraints, the goal of REMIND is to find the welfare-optimal mix of investments in the economy and the energy sectors of each model region. It also accounts for regional trade characteristics on goods, energy fuels, and emissions allowances. All greenhouse gas emissions due to human activities are represented in the model.

	~~The~~ macro-economic ~~core and the energy system module are '''hard~~-~~linked''' via the final energy demand and costs incurred by the~~ energy system. ~~Economic activity results in demand for final~~ energy ~~such as transport energy, electricity,~~ and non-electric energy for stationary end uses. A production function with constant elasticity of substitution (nested '''CES production function''') determines the final energy demand. The energy system module accounts for endowments of exhaustible primary '''energy resources''' as well as renewable energy potentials. More than 50 '''technologies~~''' are available for~~ the ~~conversion~~ of ~~primary energy into secondary energy carriers as well as for the distribution of secondary energy carriers into final energy~~.		REMIND is an energy-economy general equilibrium model linking a macro-economic growth model with a bottom-up engineering-based energy system model. It covers twelve world regions, differentiates various energy carriers and technologies and represents the dynamics of economic growth and international trade.

	~~REMIND-MAgPIE uses reduced~~-~~form emulators derived from the detailed land-use and agricultural~~ model ~~MAgPIE to represent land~~-~~use~~ and ~~agricultural emissions as well as bioenergy supply~~ and ~~other land~~-~~based mitigation options~~. REMIND~~-MAgPIE can also be run~~ in ~~fully coupled mode with~~ the ~~MAgPIE model (Lotze~~-~~Campen et al. 2008)~~.		A Ramsey-type growth model with perfect foresight serves as a macro-economic core projecting growth, savings and investments, factor incomes, energy and material demand. The macro-economic production factors are capital, labor, and final energy. A nested production function with constant elasticity of substitution determines the final energy demand. REMIND uses economic output for investments in the macro-economic capital stock as well as for consumption, trade, and energy system expenditures.

	The ~~model accounts~~ for the ~~full range~~ of ~~anthropogenic greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions, most~~ of ~~which~~ are ~~represented~~ by ~~source~~. ~~The MAGICC 6~~ (~~Meinshausen et al~~. ~~2011b~~) ~~climate model is used to translate emissions into changes in atmospheric composition, radiative forcing~~ and ~~climate change~~.		The energy system representation differentiates between a variety of fossil, biogenic, nuclear and renewable energy resources. More than 50 technologies are available for the conversion of primary energy into secondary energy carriers as well as for the distribution of secondary energy carriers into final energy. The macro-economic core and the energy system part are hard-linked via the final energy demand and the costs incurred by the energy system. Economic activity results in demand for final energy in different sectors (transport, industry, buildings..) and of different type (electric and non-electric).

	~~<figure id="fig:Remind_1">~~		The model accounts for crucial drivers of energy system inertia and path dependencies by representing full capacity vintage structure, technological learning of emergent new technologies, as well as adjustment costs for rapid upscaling of new technologies. The emissions of greenhouse gases (GHGs) and air pollutants are largely represented by source and linked to activities in the energy-economic system. Several energy sector policies are represented explicitly, including energy-sector fuel taxes and consumer subsidies.
	~~[[File:54068106~~.~~jpg]]~~
	~~</figure>~~

	~~'''Figure~~ 1~~'''~~. ~~General structure of the REMIND~~-~~MAgPIE model~~.		==== Further reading: ====
			* REMIND code on GitHub: <nowiki>https://github.com/remindmodel/remind</nowiki>
			* REMIND documentation (version 2.1.3): <nowiki>https://rse.pik-potsdam.de/doc/remind/2.1.3</nowiki>
			* REMIND2.1 paper: <nowiki>https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-14-6571-2021</nowiki>

	~~In terms~~ of its ~~macro~~-economic ~~formulation~~, ~~REMIND-MAgPIE resembles other~~ well ~~established integrated assessment models such~~ as ~~RICE (Nordhaus~~ and ~~Yang 1996) and MERGE~~ (~~Manne et al. 1995~~). ~~However~~, ~~REMIND-MAgPIE is broader in scope and features a substantially higher level of detail in~~ the ~~representation of energy-system technologies, trade~~, and ~~global capital markets~~. ~~In contrast to RICE, REMIND-MAgPIE does not monetize climate damages, and therefore~~ is ~~not applied~~ to ~~determine~~ a ~~(hypothetical) economically optimal level~~ of ~~climate change mitigation ("cost-benefit mode"), but rather efficient strategies to attain~~ an exogenously ~~prescribed climate target ("cost~~-~~effectiveness mode")~~.		== MAgPIE ==
			The Model of Agricultural Production and its Impact on the Environment ('''MAgPIE''') is a global land use allocation model, which is connected to the grid-based dynamic vegetation model LPJmL, with a spatial resolution of 0.5°x0.5°. It takes regional economic conditions such as demand for agricultural commodities, technological development and production costs as well as spatially explicit data on potential crop yields, land and water constraints (from LPJmL) into account. Based on these, the model derives specific land use patterns, yields and total costs of agricultural production for each grid cell. The objective function of the land use model is to minimize total cost of production for a given amount of regional food and bioenergy demand. Regional food energy demand is defined for an exogenously given population in 10 food energy categories, based on regional diets. Future trends in food demand are derived from a cross-country regression analysis, based on future scenarios on GDP and population growth.

	~~<xr id="tab:REMIND-MAgPIEtable_1"/> provides an overview~~ of ~~REMIND-MAgPIE's key features~~. ~~Sections 2-5 describe individual modules~~, ~~along with the relevant parameters~~ and ~~assumptions~~. ~~Section 6 lists~~ the model~~'s strength and limits~~.		Food and feed energy for the demand categories can be produced by 20 cropping activities and 3 livestock activities. Feed for livestock is produced as a mixture of crops, crop residuals, processing byproducts, green fodder produced on crop land, and pasture. Variable inputs of production are labour, chemicals, and other capital (all measured in US$). Costs of production are derived from the Global Trade Analysis Project (GTAP) Database. The model can endogenously decide to acquire yield-increasing technological change at additional costs. The costs for technological change for each economic region are based on its level of agricultural development, measured as agricultural land-use intensity. These costs grow with further investment in technological change. The use of technological change is either triggered by a better cost-effectiveness compared to other investments or as a response to resource constraints, such as land scarcity.

	~~'''Table~~ 1~~'''. Key features~~ of ~~REMIND~~-~~MAgPIE~~, and ~~reference~~ to the relevant ~~sections~~ in ~~this documentation~~.		For future projections the model works on 5-10 year a time steps of 10 years in a recursive dynamic mode. The link between two consecutive periods is established through the land-use pattern. The optimized land-use pattern from one period is taken as the initial land constraint in the next. If necessary, additional land from non-agricultural areas can be converted into cropland at additional costs. Potential crop yields for MAgPIE are originally computed with LPJmL at a 0.5° resolution, as weighted average of irrigated and non-irrigated production, if part of the grid cell is equipped for irrigation according to the global map of irrigated areas. In case of purely rain-fed production, no additional water is required, but yields are generally lower than under irrigation. If a certain area share is irrigated, additional water for agriculture is taken from available water discharge in the grid cell. Each cell of the geographic grid is assigned to 1 of 120 economic world regions: CAZ (Canada, Australia and New Zealand; CHA (China); EUR (European Union); IND (India); JPN (Japan); LAM (Latin America); MEA (Middle East and north Africa); NEU (non-EU member states); OAS (other Asia); REF (reforming countries); SSA (Sub-Saharan Africa); USA (United States) The regions are initially characterized by data for the year 1995 on population, gross domestic product (GDP), food energy demand, average production costs for different production activities, and current self-sufficiency ratios for food. Land-conversion activities provide for potential expansion and shifts of agricultural land in specific locations. For the base year 1995, total agricultural land is constrained to the area currently used within each grid cell, according to the dataset of as extended by. Cropland can be converted into rangeland, and vice versa. If additional land is required for fulfilling demand, this can be taken from the pool of non-agricultural land at additional costs. These land-conversion costs force the model to utilize available cropland and rangeland first, and land conversion will become relevant only if land becomes scarce in a certain location or if the marginal cost reductions by producing crops on converted land outweigh the costs of conversion.

	~~<figtable id~~=~~"tab~~:~~REMIND~~-~~MAgPIEtable_1"~~>		==== Further reading: ====
	~~[[File~~:~~54076253~~.~~jpg]]~~		* MAgPIE code on GitHub: https://github.com/magpiemodel/magpie
	</~~figtable~~>		* MAgPIE documentation (Version 4.3.0): https://rse.pik-potsdam.de/doc/magpie/4.3/
			* MAgPIE 4 paper: <nowiki>https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-12-1299-2019</nowiki>

			== REMIND-MAgPIE ==
			For some questions, '''REMIND''' and '''MAgPIE''' are soft coupled to provide a detailed answer. From a climate protection perspective, two aspects of the land-use sector are of particular interest: the supply of biomass that can be used for energy production (possibly with carbon capture and storage – CCS) and the total emissions of the land-use sector. Changing crucial parameters in REMIND (such as the climate target or the availability of technologies or resources) can have significant impact on GHG prices and bioenergy demand. Thus, REMIND and MAgPIE can be run in an iterative soft-coupled mode, where REMIND updates MAgPIE's assumptions regarding bioenergy demand and GHG prices, and MAgPIE, in turn, updates REMIND's assumptions regarding bioenergy prices and land-use emissions and agricultural production costs. The iteration is continued until changes between iterations become negligible. The resulting scenarios are consistent regarding the price and quantity of bioenergy and GHG emissions.

Rineke Oostenrijk: Text replacement - "REMIND" to "REMIND-MAgPIE"

2021-11-21T13:34:57Z

Text replacement - "REMIND" to "REMIND-MAgPIE"

← Older revision		Revision as of 15:34, 21 November 2021
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	{{ModelDocumentationTemplate		{{ModelDocumentationTemplate
	\|IsEmpty=No		\|IsEmpty=No
	\|IsDocumentationOf=REMIND		\|IsDocumentationOf=REMIND-MAgPIE
	\|DocumentationCategory=Model Documentation		\|DocumentationCategory=Model Documentation
	}}		}}
	This document describes the Integrated Assessment Model REMIND, which stands for “Regional Model of Investments and Development”, in its version 1.7. It updates the documentation of the previous model version 1.6. The model was originally introduced by Leimbach et al. (2010b). More information—including a documentation of the system of equations—is available on the REMIND website. <ref>See https://www.pik-potsdam.de/research/sustainable-solutions/models/remind for further documentation on REMIND. The model is programmed in GAMS.</ref>		This document describes the Integrated Assessment Model REMIND-MAgPIE, which stands for “Regional Model of Investments and Development”, in its version 1.7. It updates the documentation of the previous model version 1.6. The model was originally introduced by Leimbach et al. (2010b). More information—including a documentation of the system of equations—is available on the REMIND-MAgPIE website. <ref>See https://www.pik-potsdam.de/research/sustainable-solutions/models/remind for further documentation on REMIND-MAgPIE. The model is programmed in GAMS.</ref>

	REMIND is a '''global energy-economy-climate model spanning the years 2005-2100'''. <xr id="fig:Remind_1"/> illustrates its general structure. The macro-economic core of REMIND is a Ramsey-type optimal growth model in which inter-temporal welfare is maximized. REMIND divides the world into '''11 regions''': five individual countries (China, India, Japan, United States of America, and Russia) and six aggregated regions formed by the remaining countries (European Union, Latin America, sub-Saharan Africa without South Africa, Middle East / North Africa / Central Asia, other Asia, Rest of the World). The model computes the market equilibrium either as a Pareto optimal solution in which global welfare is maximized (cooperative solution assuming all externalities are internalized), or as a non-cooperative Nash solution in which welfare is optimized on the regional level without internalization of interregional externalities. The model explicitly represents '''trade''' in final goods, primary energy carriers, and in the case of climate policy, emissions allowances. '''Macro-economic production''' factors are capital, labor, and final energy. REMIND uses economic '''output''' for investments in the macro-economic capital stock as well as consumption, trade, and energy system expenditures.		REMIND-MAgPIE is a '''global energy-economy-climate model spanning the years 2005-2100'''. <xr id="fig:Remind_1"/> illustrates its general structure. The macro-economic core of REMIND-MAgPIE is a Ramsey-type optimal growth model in which inter-temporal welfare is maximized. REMIND-MAgPIE divides the world into '''11 regions''': five individual countries (China, India, Japan, United States of America, and Russia) and six aggregated regions formed by the remaining countries (European Union, Latin America, sub-Saharan Africa without South Africa, Middle East / North Africa / Central Asia, other Asia, Rest of the World). The model computes the market equilibrium either as a Pareto optimal solution in which global welfare is maximized (cooperative solution assuming all externalities are internalized), or as a non-cooperative Nash solution in which welfare is optimized on the regional level without internalization of interregional externalities. The model explicitly represents '''trade''' in final goods, primary energy carriers, and in the case of climate policy, emissions allowances. '''Macro-economic production''' factors are capital, labor, and final energy. REMIND-MAgPIE uses economic '''output''' for investments in the macro-economic capital stock as well as consumption, trade, and energy system expenditures.

	The macro-economic core and the energy system module are '''hard-linked''' via the final energy demand and costs incurred by the energy system. Economic activity results in demand for final energy such as transport energy, electricity, and non-electric energy for stationary end uses. A production function with constant elasticity of substitution (nested '''CES production function''') determines the final energy demand. The energy system module accounts for endowments of exhaustible primary '''energy resources''' as well as renewable energy potentials. More than 50 '''technologies''' are available for the conversion of primary energy into secondary energy carriers as well as for the distribution of secondary energy carriers into final energy.		The macro-economic core and the energy system module are '''hard-linked''' via the final energy demand and costs incurred by the energy system. Economic activity results in demand for final energy such as transport energy, electricity, and non-electric energy for stationary end uses. A production function with constant elasticity of substitution (nested '''CES production function''') determines the final energy demand. The energy system module accounts for endowments of exhaustible primary '''energy resources''' as well as renewable energy potentials. More than 50 '''technologies''' are available for the conversion of primary energy into secondary energy carriers as well as for the distribution of secondary energy carriers into final energy.

	REMIND uses reduced-form emulators derived from the detailed land-use and agricultural model MAgPIE to represent land-use and agricultural emissions as well as bioenergy supply and other land-based mitigation options. REMIND can also be run in fully coupled mode with the MAgPIE model (Lotze-Campen et al. 2008).		REMIND-MAgPIE uses reduced-form emulators derived from the detailed land-use and agricultural model MAgPIE to represent land-use and agricultural emissions as well as bioenergy supply and other land-based mitigation options. REMIND-MAgPIE can also be run in fully coupled mode with the MAgPIE model (Lotze-Campen et al. 2008).

	The model accounts for the full range of anthropogenic greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions, most of which are represented by source. The MAGICC 6 (Meinshausen et al. 2011b) climate model is used to translate emissions into changes in atmospheric composition, radiative forcing and climate change.		The model accounts for the full range of anthropogenic greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions, most of which are represented by source. The MAGICC 6 (Meinshausen et al. 2011b) climate model is used to translate emissions into changes in atmospheric composition, radiative forcing and climate change.
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	</figure>		</figure>

	'''Figure 1'''. General structure of the REMIND model.		'''Figure 1'''. General structure of the REMIND-MAgPIE model.

	In terms of its macro-economic formulation, REMIND resembles other well established integrated assessment models such as RICE (Nordhaus and Yang 1996) and MERGE (Manne et al. 1995). However, REMIND is broader in scope and features a substantially higher level of detail in the representation of energy-system technologies, trade, and global capital markets. In contrast to RICE, REMIND does not monetize climate damages, and therefore is not applied to determine a (hypothetical) economically optimal level of climate change mitigation ("cost-benefit mode"), but rather efficient strategies to attain an exogenously prescribed climate target ("cost-effectiveness mode").		In terms of its macro-economic formulation, REMIND-MAgPIE resembles other well established integrated assessment models such as RICE (Nordhaus and Yang 1996) and MERGE (Manne et al. 1995). However, REMIND-MAgPIE is broader in scope and features a substantially higher level of detail in the representation of energy-system technologies, trade, and global capital markets. In contrast to RICE, REMIND-MAgPIE does not monetize climate damages, and therefore is not applied to determine a (hypothetical) economically optimal level of climate change mitigation ("cost-benefit mode"), but rather efficient strategies to attain an exogenously prescribed climate target ("cost-effectiveness mode").

	<xr id="tab:~~REMINDtable_1~~"/> provides an overview of REMIND's key features. Sections 2-5 describe individual modules, along with the relevant parameters and assumptions. Section 6 lists the model's strength and limits.		<xr id="tab:REMIND-MAgPIEtable_1"/> provides an overview of REMIND-MAgPIE's key features. Sections 2-5 describe individual modules, along with the relevant parameters and assumptions. Section 6 lists the model's strength and limits.

	'''Table 1'''. Key features of REMIND, and reference to the relevant sections in this documentation.		'''Table 1'''. Key features of REMIND-MAgPIE, and reference to the relevant sections in this documentation.

	<figtable id="tab:~~REMINDtable_1~~">		<figtable id="tab:REMIND-MAgPIEtable_1">
	[[File:54076253.jpg]]		[[File:54076253.jpg]]
	</figtable>		</figtable>

Mathijs Harmsen: Mathijs Harmsen moved page Model Documentation - REMIND to Model Documentation - REMIND-MAgPIE without leaving a redirect: Text replacement - "REMIND" to "REMIND-MAgPIE"

2021-11-18T12:14:08Z

Mathijs Harmsen moved page Model Documentation - REMIND to Model Documentation - REMIND-MAgPIE without leaving a redirect: Text replacement - "REMIND" to "REMIND-MAgPIE"

← Older revision

Revision as of 14:14, 18 November 2021

Laura Delsa at 13:04, 1 November 2018

2018-11-01T13:04:56Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 15:04, 1 November 2018
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	\|DocumentationCategory=Model Documentation		\|DocumentationCategory=Model Documentation
	}}		}}
	This document describes the Integrated Assessment Model REMIND, which stands for “Regional Model of Investments and Development”, in its version 1.7. It updates the documentation of the previous model version 1.6. The model was originally introduced by Leimbach et al. (2010b). More information—including a documentation of the system of equations—is available on the REMIND website. <ref>See ~~http~~://www.pik-potsdam.de/research~~/research-domains~~/sustainable-solutions/~~REMIND-code-1~~ for further documentation on REMIND. The model is programmed in GAMS.</ref>		This document describes the Integrated Assessment Model REMIND, which stands for “Regional Model of Investments and Development”, in its version 1.7. It updates the documentation of the previous model version 1.6. The model was originally introduced by Leimbach et al. (2010b). More information—including a documentation of the system of equations—is available on the REMIND website. <ref>See https://www.pik-potsdam.de/research/sustainable-solutions/models/remind for further documentation on REMIND. The model is programmed in GAMS.</ref>

	REMIND is a '''global energy-economy-climate model spanning the years 2005-2100'''. <xr id="fig:Remind_1"/> illustrates its general structure. The macro-economic core of REMIND is a Ramsey-type optimal growth model in which inter-temporal welfare is maximized. REMIND divides the world into '''11 regions''': five individual countries (China, India, Japan, United States of America, and Russia) and six aggregated regions formed by the remaining countries (European Union, Latin America, sub-Saharan Africa without South Africa, Middle East / North Africa / Central Asia, other Asia, Rest of the World). The model computes the market equilibrium either as a Pareto optimal solution in which global welfare is maximized (cooperative solution assuming all externalities are internalized), or as a non-cooperative Nash solution in which welfare is optimized on the regional level without internalization of interregional externalities. The model explicitly represents '''trade''' in final goods, primary energy carriers, and in the case of climate policy, emissions allowances. '''Macro-economic production''' factors are capital, labor, and final energy. REMIND uses economic '''output''' for investments in the macro-economic capital stock as well as consumption, trade, and energy system expenditures.		REMIND is a '''global energy-economy-climate model spanning the years 2005-2100'''. <xr id="fig:Remind_1"/> illustrates its general structure. The macro-economic core of REMIND is a Ramsey-type optimal growth model in which inter-temporal welfare is maximized. REMIND divides the world into '''11 regions''': five individual countries (China, India, Japan, United States of America, and Russia) and six aggregated regions formed by the remaining countries (European Union, Latin America, sub-Saharan Africa without South Africa, Middle East / North Africa / Central Asia, other Asia, Rest of the World). The model computes the market equilibrium either as a Pareto optimal solution in which global welfare is maximized (cooperative solution assuming all externalities are internalized), or as a non-cooperative Nash solution in which welfare is optimized on the regional level without internalization of interregional externalities. The model explicitly represents '''trade''' in final goods, primary energy carriers, and in the case of climate policy, emissions allowances. '''Macro-economic production''' factors are capital, labor, and final energy. REMIND uses economic '''output''' for investments in the macro-economic capital stock as well as consumption, trade, and energy system expenditures.

Gunnar Luderer at 22:34, 22 June 2017

2017-06-22T22:34:11Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 00:34, 23 June 2017
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	\|DocumentationCategory=Model Documentation		\|DocumentationCategory=Model Documentation
	}}		}}
	This document describes the Integrated Assessment Model REMIND, which stands for “Regional Model of Investments and Development” in its version 1.6. It updates the documentation of the previous model version 1.6. The model was originally introduced by Leimbach et al. (2010b). More information—including a documentation of the system of equations—is available on the REMIND website. <ref>See http://www.pik-potsdam.de/research/research-domains/sustainable-solutions/REMIND-code-1 for further documentation on REMIND. The model is programmed in GAMS.</ref>		This document describes the Integrated Assessment Model REMIND, which stands for “Regional Model of Investments and Development”, in its version 1.7. It updates the documentation of the previous model version 1.6. The model was originally introduced by Leimbach et al. (2010b). More information—including a documentation of the system of equations—is available on the REMIND website. <ref>See http://www.pik-potsdam.de/research/research-domains/sustainable-solutions/REMIND-code-1 for further documentation on REMIND. The model is programmed in GAMS.</ref>

	REMIND is a '''global energy-economy-climate model spanning the years 2005-2100'''. <xr id="fig:Remind_1"/> illustrates its general structure. The macro-economic core of REMIND is a Ramsey-type optimal growth model in which inter-temporal welfare is maximized. REMIND divides the world into '''11 regions''': five individual countries (China, India, Japan, United States of America, and Russia) and six aggregated regions formed by the remaining countries (European Union, Latin America, sub-Saharan Africa without South Africa, Middle East / North Africa / Central Asia, other Asia, Rest of the World). The model computes the market equilibrium either as a Pareto optimal solution in which global welfare is maximized (cooperative solution assuming all externalities are internalized), or as a non-cooperative Nash solution in which welfare is optimized on the regional level without internalization of interregional externalities. The model explicitly represents '''trade''' in final goods, primary energy carriers, and in the case of climate policy, emissions allowances. '''Macro-economic production''' factors are capital, labor, and final energy. REMIND uses economic '''output''' for investments in the macro-economic capital stock as well as consumption, trade, and energy system expenditures.		REMIND is a '''global energy-economy-climate model spanning the years 2005-2100'''. <xr id="fig:Remind_1"/> illustrates its general structure. The macro-economic core of REMIND is a Ramsey-type optimal growth model in which inter-temporal welfare is maximized. REMIND divides the world into '''11 regions''': five individual countries (China, India, Japan, United States of America, and Russia) and six aggregated regions formed by the remaining countries (European Union, Latin America, sub-Saharan Africa without South Africa, Middle East / North Africa / Central Asia, other Asia, Rest of the World). The model computes the market equilibrium either as a Pareto optimal solution in which global welfare is maximized (cooperative solution assuming all externalities are internalized), or as a non-cooperative Nash solution in which welfare is optimized on the regional level without internalization of interregional externalities. The model explicitly represents '''trade''' in final goods, primary energy carriers, and in the case of climate policy, emissions allowances. '''Macro-economic production''' factors are capital, labor, and final energy. REMIND uses economic '''output''' for investments in the macro-economic capital stock as well as consumption, trade, and energy system expenditures.