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The Brazilian Land Use and Energy System (BLUES) model is a perfect-foresight, least-cost optimization model for Brazil. It chooses the energy system configuration with the least total system cost over the entire time horizon of the study, in this case 2010 to 2050. The model minimizes costs of the entire energy system, including electricity generation, agriculture, industry, transport and the buildings sectors. BLUES finds optimized mixes for the energy system as a whole, rather than evaluating sectorial optimal solutions. It includes CO2, CH4 and N2O emissions associated with land use, agriculture and livestock, fugitive emissions, fuel combustion, industrial processes and waste treatment.


BLUES has six native regions. One main overarching region into which five sub-regions are nested following the geopolitical division of the country. The energy system is represented in detail across sectors, with over 1500 technologies available in and customized for each of its six native regions. The representation of the land-use system includes forests, savannas, low- and high-capacity pastures, integrated systems, cropland, double cropping, planted forests, and protected areas. Cropland is made up of Land useis also regionalized and customized for each subregion, with yields and costs varying from region to region. Demand is exogenous but endogenous energy efficiency measures permit demand responses through technological options.
== Introduction ==
 
The Brazilian Land Use and Energy Systems (BLUES) model is a perfect-foresight, least-cost optimization model for Brazil. It chooses the energy and land-use system configuration with the least total system cost over the entire time horizon of the study, in this case from 2020 to 2060. The model minimizes costs of the entire energy system, including electricity generation, agriculture, industry, transport and the buildings sectors. BLUES finds optimized mixes for the energy system as a whole, rather than evaluating sectorial optimal solutions. It includes CO2, CH4 and N2O emissions associated with land use, agriculture and livestock, fugitive emissions, fuel combustion, industrial processes and waste treatment.
 
BLUES has five native regions, plus an main overarching region. Its five sub-regions are nested following the macro-geopolitical division of the country. The energy system is represented in detail across sectors, with over 2000 technologies available in and customized for each of its native regions. The representation of the land-use system includes forests, savannas, low- and high-capacity pastures, integrated systems, cropland, double cropping, planted forests, and protected areas. Cropland is made up of Land useis also regionalized and customized for each subregion, with yields and costs varying from region to region. Demand is exogenous but endogenous energy efficiency measures permit demand responses through technological options.
 
== Table of contents ==
 
=== [[Model scope and methods - BLUES|Model scope and methods]] ===
 
* '''[[Model concept, solver and details - BLUES|Model concept, solver and details]]'''
* '''[[Temporal dimension - BLUES|Temporal dimension]]'''
* '''[[Spatial dimension - BLUES|Spatial dimension]]'''
* '''[[Policy - BLUES|Policy]]'''
 
=== [[Socio-economic drivers - BLUES|Socio-economic drivers]] ===
The model uses national data for historical years, and then moves to SSP projections for population and GDP.
* '''[[Population - BLUES|Population]]'''
* '''[[Economic activity - BLUES|Economic activity]]'''
 
=== [[Macro-economy - BLUES|Macro-economy]] ===
 
* '''[[Production system and representation of economic sectors - BLUES|Production system and representation of economic sectors]]'''
* '''[[Capital and labour markets - BLUES|Capital and labour markets]]'''
* '''[[Monetary instruments - BLUES|Monetary instruments]]'''
* '''[[Trade - BLUES|Trade]]'''
* '''[[Technological change - BLUES|Technological change]]'''
 
=== [[Energy - BLUES|Energy]] ===
 
* '''[[Energy resource endowments - BLUES|Energy resource endowments]]'''
** [[Fossil energy resources - BLUES|Fossil energy resources]]
** [[Uranium and other fissile resources - BLUES|Uranium and other fissile resources]]
** [[Bioenergy - BLUES|Bioenergy]]
** [[Non-biomass renewables - BLUES|Non-biomass renewables]]
 
* '''[[Energy conversion - BLUES|Energy conversion]]'''
** [[Electricity - BLUES|Electricity]]
** [[Heat - BLUES|Heat]]
** [[Gaseous fuels - BLUES|Gaseous fuels]]
** [[Liquid fuels - BLUES|Liquid fuels]]
** [[Solid fuels - BLUES|Solid fuels]]
** [[Grid, pipelines and other infrastructure - BLUES|Grid, pipelines and other infrastructure]]
** [[Energy end-use - BLUES|Energy end-use]]
** [[Transport - BLUES|Transport]]
** [[Residential and commercial sectors - BLUES|Residential and commercial sectors]]
** [[Industrial sector - BLUES|Industrial sector]]
** [[Other end-use - BLUES|Other end-use]]
 
* '''[[Energy demand - BLUES|Energy demand]]'''
* '''[[Technological change in energy - BLUES|Technological change in energy]]'''
 
=== [[Land-use - BLUES|Land-use]] ===
 
* '''[[Agriculture - BLUES|Agriculture]]'''
* '''[[Forestry - BLUES|Forestry]]'''
* '''[[Land-use change - BLUES|Land-use change]]'''
* '''[[Bioenergy land-use - BLUES|Bioenergy land-use]]'''
* '''[[Other land-use - BLUES|Other land-use]]'''
* '''[[Agricultural demand - BLUES|Agricultural demand]]'''
* '''[[Technological change in land-use - BLUES|Technological change in land-use]]'''
=== [[Emissions - BLUES|Emissions]] ===
* '''[[GHGs - BLUES|GHGs]]'''
* '''[[Pollutants and non-GHG forcing agents - BLUES|Pollutants and non-GHG forcing agents]]'''
* '''[[Carbon dioxide removal (CDR) options - BLUES|Carbon dioxide removal (CDR) options]]'''
 
=== [[Climate - BLUES|Climate]] ===
* '''[[Modelling of climate indicators - BLUES|Modelling of climate indicators ]]'''
* '''[[Climate damages, temperature changes - BLUES|Climate damages, temperature changes ]]'''
=== [[Non-climate sustainability dimension - BLUES|Non-climate sustainability dimension]] ===
 
* '''[[Air pollution and health - BLUES|Air pollution and health]]'''
* '''[[Water - BLUES|Water]]'''
* '''[[Other materials - BLUES|Other materials]]'''
* '''[[Other sustainability dimensions - BLUES|Other sustainability dimensions]]'''
 
=== [[Appendices - BLUES|Appendices]] ===
* '''[[Mathematical model description - BLUES|Mathematical model description]]'''
* '''[[Data - BLUES|Data]]'''
 
=== [[References - BLUES|References]] ===

Latest revision as of 15:13, 8 June 2026

Model Documentation - BLUES

    Corresponding documentation
    Previous versions
    Model information
    Model link
    Institution COPPE/UFRJ (Cenergia), Brazil, http://www.cenergialab.coppe.ufrj.br/.
    Solution concept General equilibrium (closed economy)
    Solution method Optimization
    Anticipation

    Introduction

    The Brazilian Land Use and Energy Systems (BLUES) model is a perfect-foresight, least-cost optimization model for Brazil. It chooses the energy and land-use system configuration with the least total system cost over the entire time horizon of the study, in this case from 2020 to 2060. The model minimizes costs of the entire energy system, including electricity generation, agriculture, industry, transport and the buildings sectors. BLUES finds optimized mixes for the energy system as a whole, rather than evaluating sectorial optimal solutions. It includes CO2, CH4 and N2O emissions associated with land use, agriculture and livestock, fugitive emissions, fuel combustion, industrial processes and waste treatment.

    BLUES has five native regions, plus an main overarching region. Its five sub-regions are nested following the macro-geopolitical division of the country. The energy system is represented in detail across sectors, with over 2000 technologies available in and customized for each of its native regions. The representation of the land-use system includes forests, savannas, low- and high-capacity pastures, integrated systems, cropland, double cropping, planted forests, and protected areas. Cropland is made up of Land useis also regionalized and customized for each subregion, with yields and costs varying from region to region. Demand is exogenous but endogenous energy efficiency measures permit demand responses through technological options.

    Table of contents

    Model scope and methods

    Socio-economic drivers

    The model uses national data for historical years, and then moves to SSP projections for population and GDP.

    Macro-economy

    Energy

    Land-use

    Emissions

    Climate

    Non-climate sustainability dimension

    Appendices

    References

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