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==Fossil Fuel Reserves and Resources==


The availability and costs of fossil fuels influences the future direction of the energy system, and therewith future mitigation challenges. Understanding the variations in
The energy resource endowments are explained for each subsections.
fossil fuel availability and the underlying extraction cost assumptions across the SSPs is hence useful. Our fossil energy resource assumptions are derived from
Rogner (1997) [[CiteRef::MSG-GLB_rogner_assessment_1997]].
 
==Bioenergy==
There are two types of biomass energy, i.e., traditional and modern bioenergy. The former is mainly used in low-income countries and includes wood, charcoal, crop residue, and animal manure as the main energy sources. These are usually combusted directly. The alternative is refined biomass, which is used to fuel vehicles and in power generation. The biofuel demand is addressed in section Landuse ([[Land-use_-_AIM-CGE]]).
 
Modern biomass energy is supplied from first- and second-generation technologies. In the former case, biomass energy is produced from cereals, sugars, and vegetable oils and can be easily extracted using conventional technology. In the latter case, energy is produced from lignocellulosic biomass or woody crops, agricultural residues, or waste. These forms of biomass make it harder to extract the required fuel under current technological limitations. This model assumes that the biomass supply is nested by using a logit function with three nodes: first-generation biofuels, second-generation biofuels from crops grown for energy-production purposes (e.g., switch grass), and wastes including crop residues, animal manure, or wood residues. The three sources are individually treated as a single production sector (Figure).
 
[[File:38469889.png|500px|left|thumb|<caption>Biofuel selection mechanism. Logit means the function which is often used for probablistic alternative selections. </caption>]]
 
Each region has specific crops that are used in first-generation biofuel production. For example, Brazil uses sugarcane, whereas the US makes fuel from maize. Therefore, we assume that each region has such specific biofuel crops and that only this crop can be used for biofuel production. The first-generation biofuel production sector is assumed to input such agricultural products, and the input coefficients are derived from biomass conversion at an energy efficiency of 0.5.<br /> The second-generation biofuels made from purpose-grown energy crops are assumed to input land. Their yields in tropical, temperate, and boreal zones are assumed to be 20, 17.5, and 15 ton/hector, respectively. The other second-generation biofuels made from wastes do not input land or any agricultural commodities as a production factor. Instead, this production sector is assumed to have a potential limitation, which is calculated from the amount of crop residue, wood residue, and livestock manure generated in the previous year. We assumed that half of the potential can be actually or economically available for the production of energy fuels  .

Revision as of 13:44, 20 December 2016

Model Documentation - AIM-Hub

    Corresponding documentation
    Previous versions
    Model information
    Model link
    Institution National Institute for Environmental Studies (NIES), Japan, https://www.nies.go.jp/index-e.html., Kyoto-University (Kyoto-University), Japan, https://www.kyoto-u.ac.jp/en.
    Solution concept General equilibrium (closed economy)
    Solution method Simulation
    Anticipation

    The energy resource endowments are explained for each subsections.

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