This is a property of type Text.
Showing 20 pages using this property.
Yes (physical & economic)
+Exogenous technological change
+Exogenous technological change
+Linear choice (lowest cost)
+Expansion and decline constraints
+, System integration constraints
+Mostly high substitutability
+Freight trains
+, Heavy duty vehicles
+, Freight ships
+Yes (spatially explicit)
+CO2 fossil fuels
+, CO2 cement
+Coal heat
+, Natural gas heat
+, Oil heat
+,
…Yes (spatially explicit)
+Natural gas to hydrogen w/ CCS
+, Electrolysis
+Steel production
+, Aluminium production
+, Cement production
+,
…Yes (physical & economic)
+Early retirement of capital allowed
+, Interest rates differentiated by country/region
+, Technology costs differentiated by country/region
+Passenger trains
+, Buses
+, Light Duty Vehicles (LDVs)
+,
…Emission pricing
+, Cap and trade
+, Fuel taxes
+,
…