Electricity - POLES

From IAMC-Documentation
Jump to: navigation, search

Model Documentation - POLES

Corresponding documentation
Previous versions
Model information
Model link
Institution JRC - Joint Research Centre - European Commission (EC-JRC), Belgium, http://ec.europa.eu/jrc/en/.
Solution concept Partial equilibrium (price elastic demand)
Solution method SimulationRecursive simulation
Anticipation Myopic

The electricity system consists of 3 main parts:


Demand load curve

The model considers 2 typical days (winter and summer), each split into 12 time arrays of 2 hours each. The demand load curve is derived from the sum of sectoral electricity demand load curves (end uses), net trade and losses.

In the POLES-ADVANCE version these two days are the base of 27 days each, which are the combinations of low, medium and high situations for demand, wind production and solar production. This way, extreme situations are taken into account in the operation and planning of the power system.


Operation (production and storage)

The model considers first the non-dispatchable energy sources (hydro, wind, solar). The residual load is met by dispatchable generators based on their variable costs (efficiency and fuel cost, including additional taxes or financial support schemes). A proxy for the power price is computed based on the marginal producer's cost. Storage technologies and demand response (which shift a part of the load to another time slice of a given day) are used if the within-day spread of two-hourly prices compensates their efficiency losses. The number of full load hours of each production and storage technology is the weighted aggregation of these 54 days. Some over production can appear when the non-dispatchable productions (also taking into account a minimum power output for must-run technologies) exceed demand. When possible it is stored; otherwise it is curtailed and the load factors of wind and solar are decreased accordingly.


Capacity planning

The planning of new capacities needs to address expected future electricity needs (based on a rolling ten-year extrapolation) while considering the upcoming decommissioning of existing plants (with vintage) and the special contribution of wind and solar (non-dispatchable).

The 648 time-slices per year (54*12) are organised in seven blocks with expected capacity factors of 8760 hours, 8030 hours, 6570 hours, 5110 hours, 3650 hours, 2190 hours and 730 hours. The associated number of full load hours define different total production costs for each of these blocks. This defines the theoretical technology market shares together with coefficients that are calibrated to replicate historical technology mix. Non-dispatchable wind and solare are first determined, in competition with all technologies. However, they don't produce constantly on all seven blocks. Once their capacity is decided (limited by a maximum potential), the remaining need per investment block is updated with the actual production of wind and solar (which is deduced from the current participation of wind of solar in each block).

The dispatchable technologies are then planned based on the remaining capacity needs for each investment block, the theoretical market shares and the resource constraints for some technologies.

Table 1: Electricity production technologies in POLES
Fuel Technologies
Nuclear Conventional nuclear design
New nuclear design ("Generation IV")
Coal Pulverized fluidized coal
Pulverized fluidized coal with CCS
Integrated coal gasification with combined cycles
Integrated coal gasification with combined cycles with CCS
Conventional coal thermal turbine
Conventional lignite thermal turbine
Gas Conventional gas thermal turbine
Gas turbine
Gas combined cycles
Gas combined cycles with CCS
CHP (decentralized)
Gas fuel cell (decentralized)
Oil Conventional oil thermal turbine
Oil combined cycles
Biomass Conventional biomass thermal turbine
Biomass gasification
Biomass gasification with CCS
Hydro Run-of-river
Reservoir (lake)
Small hydro (<10 MW)
Wind Onshore
Offshore
Solar Utility PV
Distributed PV (decentralized)
Solar thermal power
Solar thermal power with storage
Ocean Tidal & wave ocean
Geothermal Geothermal power
Other Hydrogen fuel cell (decentralized)
Storage Pumped hydro
Compressed air
Batteries (lithium ion)
Demand-side solutions Vehicle-to-grid
Load shifting

In addition to the technologies mentioned in the figure above, one POLES version includes further detail of biomass technologies in the EU, based on work with the GREEN-X model.


Electricity prices

Total production cost is the sum of fixed cost (investment, discount rate, fixed O&M) and variable cost (fuel cost, efficiency, variable O&M), including further taxes or financial support schemes. Investment costs evolve with learning functions (exogenous, endogenous 1 factor, endogenous 2 factors). Efficiency is exogenous. Fuel costs are derived from endogenous fuel prices and assumptions on taxation policies.

Finally the POLES model calculates electricity prices from system production cost for base load (used to set the price for industry) and peak load (used to set the price for residential-services-transport).

Information sources include: Enerdata, Eurostat, IEA1, ENTSO-E, ETDB, WEC2, EC-JRC3.


The model has been used to study the power system costs of mitigation policies under various configurations45. The sysytem integration of variable renewables in the model has been tested in several studies67.

References

  1. ^  |  WEO-2015 Power Generation Assumptions. International Energy Agency. 2015. [1]
  2. ^  |  World Energy Resources, 2013 Survey. World Energy Council. 2013. [1]
  3. ^  |  European Commission - Joint Research Centre (2014). Climate Impacts in Europe. The JRC PESETA II Project. [1]. Brussels, Belgium: European Commission - Joint Research Centre.
  4. ^  |  Vicki Duscha, Katja Schumacher, Joachim Schleich, Pierre Buisson (2013). Costs of meeting international climate targets without nuclear power. Climate Policy, 14 (), 327-352. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/14693062.2014.852018
  5. ^  |  Bradford Griffin, Pierre Buisson, Patrick Criqui, Silvana Mima (2013). White Knights: will wind and solar come to the rescue of a looming capacity gap from nuclear phase-out or slow CCS start-up?. Climatic Change, 123 (), 623-635. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10584-013-0963-5
  6. ^  |  Jacques Després, Silvana Mima, Alban Kitous, Patrick Criqui, Nouredine Hadjsaid, Isabelle Noirot (2016). Storage as a flexibility option in power systems with high shares of variable renewable energy sources: a POLES-based analysis. Energy Economics, ()http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.eneco.2016.03.006
  7. ^  |  Robert C. Pietzcker, Falko Ueckerdt, Samuel Carrara, Harmen Sytze de Boer, Jacques Després, Shinichiro Fujimori, Nils Johnson, Alban Kitous, Yvonne Scholz, Patrick Sullivan, Gunnar Luderer (2016). System integration of wind and solar power in integrated assessment models: A cross-model evaluation of new approaches. Energy Economics, ()http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.eneco.2016.11.018