GEM-E3: Difference between revisions

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{{ModelInfoTemplate
{{ModelInfoTemplate
|Name=GEM-E3
|Name=GEM-E3
|Version=_092019
|participation=full
|participation=full
|processState=published
|processState=published
}}
}}
{{ScopeMethodTemplate
{{ScopeMethodTemplate
|Objective=The model puts emphasis on:
|Objective=The GEM-E3 model is a multi-regional, multi-sectoral, recursive dynamic hybrid computable general equilibrium (CGE) model which provides details on the macro-economy and its interaction with the environment and the energy system. It incorporates micro-economic mechanisms and institutional features within a consistent macro-economic framework.
i) The analysis of market instruments for energy-related environmental policy, such as taxes, subsidies, regulations, emission permits etc., at a degree of detail that is sufficient for national, sectoral and World-wide policy evaluation.  
|SolutionConceptOption=General equilibrium (closed economy)
ii) The assessment of distributional consequences of programmes and policies, including social equity, employment and cohesion for less developed regions.
|SolutionHorizonOption=Recursive dynamic (myopic)
|SolutionMethodOption=Optimization
|BaseYear=2014
|TimeSteps=5
|Horizon=2100
|Nr=46
|PoliciesOption=Emission tax; Emission pricing; Cap and trade; Fuel taxes; Fuel subsidies; Feed-in-tariff; Portfolio standard; Capacity targets
|Concept=General equilibrium
|Concept=General equilibrium
|SolutionMethod=The model is formulated as a simultaneous system of equations with an equal number of variables. The system is solved for each year following a time-forward path. The model uses the GAMS software and is written as a mixed non-linear complementarity problem solved by using the PATH algorithm using the standard solver options.
|Anticipation=Myopic
|BaseYear=2011
|TimeSteps=Five year time steps
|Horizon=2050
|Nr=38
|Region=Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, Croatia, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Germany, Denmark, Spain, Estonia, Finland, France, United Kingdom, Greece, Hungary, Ireland, Italy, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Latvia, Malta, Netherlands, Poland, Portugal, Slovakia, Slovenia, Sweden, Romania, USA, Japan, Canada, Brazil, China, India, Oceania, Russian federation, Rest of Annex I, Rest of the World;
|PolicyImplementation=Taxes, Permits trading, Subsidies, Energy efficiency standards, CO2 standards, Emission reduction targets, Trade agreements.
|PolicyImplementation=Taxes, Permits trading, Subsidies, Energy efficiency standards, CO2 standards, Emission reduction targets, Trade agreements.
}}
}}
{{Socio-economicTemplate
{{Socio-economicTemplate
|PopulationOption=Yes (exogenous)
|EducationLevelOption=Yes (endogenous)
|GDPOption=Yes (endogenous)
|EmploymentRateOption=Yes (endogenous)
|LaborProductivityOption=Yes (exogenous)
|TotalFactorProductivityOption=Yes (exogenous)
|AutonomousEnergyEfficiencyImprovementsOption=Yes (exogenous)
|ExogenousDriverOption=Total Factor Productivity; Labour Productivity; Capital Technical progress; Energy Technical progress; Materials Technical progress
|ExogenousDriverOption=Total Factor Productivity; Labour Productivity; Capital Technical progress; Energy Technical progress; Materials Technical progress
|ExogenousDriver=Active population growth; Learning-by-doing;
|ExogenousDriver=Active population growth; Learning-by-doing;
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}}
}}
{{Macro-economyTemplate
{{Macro-economyTemplate
|EconomicSectorOption=Agriculture; Industry; Energy; Transport; Services
|TradeOption=Coal; Oil; Gas; Bioenergy crops; Food crops; Capital; Emissions permits
|Trade=All other major traded economic activities (40 economic sectors); Energy goods;
|TradeText=The model links all countries and sectors through endogenous bilateral trade transactions.
|CostMeasureOption=GDP loss; Welfare loss
|CostMeasure=Equivalent Variation;
|CategorizationByGroupOption=Technology adoption
|CoalRUOption=Yes (fixed)
|UnconventionalOilRUOption=Yes (fixed)
|ConventionalGasRUOption=Yes (fixed)
|Unconventional GasRUOption=Yes (fixed)
|BioenergyRUOption=Yes (process model)
|RawMaterialsRUOption=Yes (process model)
|EconomicSector=other;
|EconomicSector=other;
|EconomicSectorText=GEM-E3 represents 29 sectors:  
|EconomicSectorText=GEM-E3 represents 29 sectors:  
Agriculture,Coal,Crude Oil,Oil,Gas,Electricity supply,Ferrous and non ferrous metals,Chemical Products,Other energy intensive,Electric Goods,Transport equipment,Other Equipment Goods,Consumer Goods Industries,Construction,Transport (Air),Transport (Land),Transport (Water),Market Services,Non Market Services,Coal fired,Oil fired,Gas fired,Nuclear,Biomass,Hydro electric,Wind,PV,CCS coal,CCS Gas
Agriculture,Coal,Crude Oil,Oil,Gas,Electricity supply,Ferrous and non ferrous metals,Chemical Products,Other energy intensive,Electric Goods,Transport equipment,Other Equipment Goods,Consumer Goods Industries,Construction,Transport (Air),Transport (Land),Transport (Water),Market Services,Non Market Services,Coal fired,Oil fired,Gas fired,Nuclear,Biomass,Hydro electric,Wind,PV,CCS coal,CCS Gas
|CostMeasureOption=GDP loss; Welfare loss; Consumption loss
|MaterialUseTCOption=Exogenous technological change
|TradeOption=Coal; Oil; Gas; Electricity; Emissions permits; Non-energy goods
|TechnologicalChange=Other: Total factor productivity, Labour productivity, Capital productivity are all exogenous. Semi-endogenous TFP for clean technologies based on learning by doing and learning by research;
|Trade=Agriculture; Ferrous and non ferrous metals; Chemical Products; Other energy intensive; Electric Goods; Transport equipment; Other Equipment Goods; Consumer Goods Industries;
|EconomicSectorOption=Agriculture; Industry; Energy; Transport; Services
|TradeText=The model links all countries and sectors through endogenous bilateral trade transactions.
}}
}}
{{EnergyTemplate
{{EnergyTemplate
|Behaviour=The GEM-E3 model endogenously computes energy consumption, depending on energy prices, realised energy efficiency expenditures and autonomous energy efficiency improvements. Each agent decides how much energy it will consume in order to optimise its behaviour (i.e. to maximise profits for firms and utility for households) subject to technological constraints (i.e. a production function).
|EnergyTechnologySubstitutabilityOption=Mostly high substitutability
 
|EnergyTechnologyDeploymentOption=Expansion and decline constraints
At a sectoral level, energy consumption is derived from profit maximization under a nested CES (Constant Elasticity of Substitution) specification. Energy enters the production function together with other production factors (capital, labour, materials). Substitution of energy and the rest of the production factors is imperfect (energy is considered an essential input to the production process) and it is induced by changes in the relative prices of each input.
|ElectricityTechnologyOption=Coal w/ CCS; Gas w/o CCS; Gas w/ CCS; Oil w/o CCS; Bioenergy w/o CCS; Geothermal power; Nuclear power; Solar power; Solar power-central PV; Wind power; Wind power-onshore; Wind power-offshore; Hydroelectric power
 
|PassengerTransportationOption=Buses; Electric LDVs; Hybrid LDVs; Gasoline LDVs; Passenger trains; Passenger aircrafts
Residential energy consumption is derived from the utility maximization problem of households. Households allocate their income between different consumption categories and savings to maximize their utility subject to their budget constraint. Consumption is split between durable (i.e. vehicles, electric appliances) and non-durable goods. For durable goods, stock accumulation depends on new purchases and scrapping. Durable goods consume (non-durable) goods and services, including energy products. The latter are endogenously determined depending on the stock of durable goods and on relative energy prices.
|FreightTransportationOption=Freight trains; Heavy duty vehicles; Freight aircrafts; Freight ships
|IndustryOption=Steel production; Aluminium production; Cement production; Petrochemical production; Paper production; Pulp production
|Industry=Other: Equipment goods, Non-metalic minnerals, Consumer goods industries;
|ResidentialAndCommercialOption=Cooking; Space heating
|ResourceUseOption=Coal; Oil; Gas; Biomass
|ResourceUseOption=Coal; Oil; Gas; Biomass
|ElectricityTechnologyOption=Coal; Gas; Oil; Nuclear; Biomass; Wind; Solar PV
|ElectricityTechnology=Hydropower; CCS;
|GridInfrastructureOption=Electricity
|GridInfrastructureOption=Electricity
|TechnologySubstitutionOption=Discrete technology choices
|TechnologySubstitutionOption=Discrete technology choices
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}}
}}
{{Land-useTemplate
{{Land-useTemplate
|AgriculturalCommoditiesOption=Oilseeds
|Land-use=GEM-E3 considers land as a separate production factor;
|Land-use=GEM-E3 considers land as a separate production factor;
}}
}}
{{OtherResourcesTemplate}}
{{EmissionClimateTemplate
{{EmissionClimateTemplate
|GHGOption=CO2; CH4; N2O; HFCs; CFCs; SF6
|GHGOption=HFCs; SF6; CO2 fossil fuels; CH4 energy; CH4 other; N2O energy; N2O other
|PollutantOption=NOx; SOx
|ClimateIndicatorText=GEM-E3 model does not include climate indicators.
|ClimateIndicatorText=GEM-E3 model does not include climate indicators.
|CarbonDioxideRemovalOption=Bioenergy with CCS; Afforestation; Direct air capture
|Co-LinkagesOption=Energy access: Household energy consumption
}}
}}
{{InstitutionTemplate
{{InstitutionTemplate

Revision as of 10:40, 28 March 2020

The reference card is a clearly defined description of model features. The numerous options have been organized into a limited amount of default and model specific (non default) options. In addition some features are described by a short clarifying text.

Legend:

  • not implemented
  • implemented
  • implemented (not default option)

A page refresh may be needed after modifying data.


About

Name and version

GEM-E3 _092019

Model link

https://ec.europa.eu/clima/sites/clima/files/strategies/analysis/models/docs/gem_e3_long_en.pdf

Institution

Institute of Communication And Computer Systems (ICCS), Greece, https://www.iccs.gr/en/.

Documentation

GEM-E3 documentation consists of a referencecard and detailed model documentation

Process state

published


Model scope and methods

Model documentation: Model_scope_and_methods - GEM-E3

Model type

  • Integrated assessment model
  • Energy system model
  • CGE
  • CBA-integrated assessment model

Geographical scope

  • Global
  • Regional

Objective

The GEM-E3 model is a multi-regional, multi-sectoral, recursive dynamic hybrid computable general equilibrium (CGE) model which provides details on the macro-economy and its interaction with the environment and the energy system. It incorporates micro-economic mechanisms and institutional features within a consistent macro-economic framework.

Solution concept

  • Partial equilibrium (price elastic demand)
  • Partial equilibrium (fixed demand)
  • General equilibrium (closed economy)

Solution horizon

  • Recursive dynamic (myopic)
  • Intertemporal optimization (foresight)

Solution method

  • Simulation
  • Optimization


Temporal dimension

Base year:2014, time steps:5, horizon: 2100

Spatial dimension

Number of regions:46

Time discounting type

  • Discount rate exogenous
  • Discount rate endogenous

Policies

  • Emission tax
  • Emission pricing
  • Cap and trade
  • Fuel taxes
  • Fuel subsidies
  • Feed-in-tariff
  • Portfolio standard
  • Capacity targets
  • Emission standards
  • Energy efficiency standards
  • Agricultural producer subsidies
  • Agricultural consumer subsidies
  • Land protection
  • Pricing carbon stocks


Socio-economic drivers

Model documentation: Socio-economic drivers - GEM-E3

Population

  • Yes (exogenous)
  • Yes (endogenous)

Population age structure

  • Yes (exogenous)
  • Yes (endogenous)

Education level

  • Yes (exogenous)
  • Yes (endogenous)

Urbanization rate

  • Yes (exogenous)
  • Yes (endogenous)

GDP

  • Yes (exogenous)
  • Yes (endogenous)

Income distribution

  • Yes (exogenous)
  • Yes (endogenous)

Employment rate

  • Yes (exogenous)
  • Yes (endogenous)

Labor productivity

  • Yes (exogenous)
  • Yes (endogenous)

Total factor productivity

  • Yes (exogenous)
  • Yes (endogenous)

Autonomous energy efficiency improvements

  • Yes (exogenous)
  • Yes (endogenous)



Macro-economy

Model documentation: Macro-economy - GEM-E3

Economic sector

Industry

  • Yes (physical)
  • Yes (economic)
  • Yes (physical & economic)

Energy

  • Yes (physical)
  • Yes (economic)
  • Yes (physical & economic)

Transportation

  • Yes (physical)
  • Yes (economic)
  • Yes (physical & economic)

Residential and commercial

  • Yes (physical)
  • Yes (economic)
  • Yes (physical & economic)

Agriculture

  • Yes (physical)
  • Yes (economic)
  • Yes (physical & economic)

Forestry

  • Yes (physical)
  • Yes (economic)
  • Yes (physical & economic)

Other economic sector

  • other

Note: GEM-E3 represents 29 sectors: Agriculture,Coal,Crude Oil,Oil,Gas,Electricity supply,Ferrous and non ferrous metals,Chemical Products,Other energy intensive,Electric Goods,Transport equipment,Other Equipment Goods,Consumer Goods Industries,Construction,Transport (Air),Transport (Land),Transport (Water),Market Services,Non Market Services,Coal fired,Oil fired,Gas fired,Nuclear,Biomass,Hydro electric,Wind,PV,CCS coal,CCS Gas

Macro-economy

Trade

  • Coal
  • Oil
  • Gas
  • Uranium
  • Electricity
  • Bioenergy crops
  • Food crops
  • Capital
  • Emissions permits
  • Non-energy goods
  • All other major traded economic activities (40 economic sectors)
  • Energy goods

Note: The model links all countries and sectors through endogenous bilateral trade transactions.

Cost measures

  • GDP loss
  • Welfare loss
  • Consumption loss
  • Area under MAC
  • Energy system cost mark-up
  • Equivalent Variation

Categorization by group

  • Income
  • Urban - rural
  • Technology adoption
  • Age
  • Gender
  • Education level
  • Household size

Institutional and political factors

  • Early retirement of capital allowed
  • Interest rates differentiated by country/region
  • Regional risk factors included
  • Technology costs differentiated by country/region
  • Technological change differentiated by country/region
  • Behavioural change differentiated by country/region
  • Constraints on cross country financial transfers

Resource use

Coal

  • Yes (fixed)
  • Yes (supply curve)
  • Yes (process model)

Conventional Oil

  • Yes (fixed)
  • Yes (supply curve)
  • Yes (process model)

Unconventional Oil

  • Yes (fixed)
  • Yes (supply curve)
  • Yes (process model)

Conventional Gas

  • Yes (fixed)
  • Yes (supply curve)
  • Yes (process model)

Unconventional Gas

  • Yes (fixed)
  • Yes (supply curve)
  • Yes (process model)

Uranium

  • Yes (fixed)
  • Yes (supply curve)
  • Yes (process model)

Bioenergy

  • Yes (fixed)
  • Yes (supply curve)
  • Yes (process model)

Water

  • Yes (fixed)
  • Yes (supply curve)
  • Yes (process model)

Raw Materials

  • Yes (fixed)
  • Yes (supply curve)
  • Yes (process model)

Land

  • Yes (fixed)
  • Yes (supply curve)
  • Yes (process model)


Technological change

Energy conversion technologies

  • No technological change
  • Exogenous technological change
  • Endogenous technological change

Energy End-use

  • No technological change
  • Exogenous technological change
  • Endogenous technological change

Material Use

  • No technological change
  • Exogenous technological change
  • Endogenous technological change

Agriculture (tc)

  • No technological change
  • Exogenous technological change
  • Endogenous technological change

Other technological change

  • Other: Total factor productivity, Labour productivity, Capital productivity are all exogenous. Semi-endogenous TFP for clean technologies based on learning by doing and learning by research


Energy

Model documentation: Energy - GEM-E3


Energy technology substitution

Energy technology choice

  • No discrete technology choices
  • Logit choice model
  • Production function
  • Linear choice (lowest cost)
  • Lowest cost with adjustment penalties

Energy technology substitutability

  • Mostly high substitutability
  • Mostly low substitutability
  • Mixed high and low substitutability

Energy technology deployment

  • Expansion and decline constraints
  • System integration constraints

Energy

Electricity technologies

  • Coal w/o CCS
  • Coal w/ CCS
  • Gas w/o CCS
  • Gas w/ CCS
  • Oil w/o CCS
  • Oil w/ CCS
  • Bioenergy w/o CCS
  • Bioenergy w/ CCS
  • Geothermal power
  • Nuclear power
  • Solar power
  • Solar power-central PV
  • Solar power-distributed PV
  • Solar power-CSP
  • Wind power
  • Wind power-onshore
  • Wind power-offshore
  • Hydroelectric power
  • Ocean power

Hydrogen production

  • Coal to hydrogen w/o CCS
  • Coal to hydrogen w/ CCS
  • Natural gas to hydrogen w/o CCS
  • Natural gas to hydrogen w/ CCS
  • Oil to hydrogen w/o CCS
  • Oil to hydrogen w/ CCS
  • Biomass to hydrogen w/o CCS
  • Biomass to hydrogen w/ CCS
  • Nuclear thermochemical hydrogen
  • Solar thermochemical hydrogen
  • Electrolysis

Refined liquids

  • Coal to liquids w/o CCS
  • Coal to liquids w/ CCS
  • Gas to liquids w/o CCS
  • Gas to liquids w/ CCS
  • Bioliquids w/o CCS
  • Bioliquids w/ CCS
  • Oil refining

Refined gases

  • Coal to gas w/o CCS
  • Coal to gas w/ CCS
  • Oil to gas w/o CCS
  • Oil to gas w/ CCS
  • Biomass to gas w/o CCS
  • Biomass to gas w/ CCS

Heat generation

  • Coal heat
  • Natural gas heat
  • Oil heat
  • Biomass heat
  • Geothermal heat
  • Solarthermal heat
  • CHP (coupled heat and power)

Grid Infra Structure

Electricity

  • Yes (aggregate)
  • Yes (spatially explicit)

Gas

  • Yes (aggregate)
  • Yes (spatially explicit)

Heat

  • Yes (aggregate)
  • Yes (spatially explicit)

CO2

  • Yes (aggregate)
  • Yes (spatially explicit)

Hydrogen

  • Yes (aggregate)
  • Yes (spatially explicit)


Energy end-use technologies

Passenger transportation

  • Passenger trains
  • Buses
  • Light Duty Vehicles (LDVs)
  • Electric LDVs
  • Hydrogen LDVs
  • Hybrid LDVs
  • Gasoline LDVs
  • Diesel LDVs
  • Passenger aircrafts

Freight transportation

  • Freight trains
  • Heavy duty vehicles
  • Freight aircrafts
  • Freight ships

Industry

  • Steel production
  • Aluminium production
  • Cement production
  • Petrochemical production
  • Paper production
  • Plastics production
  • Pulp production
  • Other: Equipment goods, Non-metalic minnerals, Consumer goods industries

Residential and commercial

  • Space heating
  • Space cooling
  • Cooking
  • Refrigeration
  • Washing
  • Lighting


Land-use

Model documentation: Land-use - GEM-E3

Land cover

  • Cropland
  • Cropland irrigated
  • Cropland food crops
  • Cropland feed crops
  • Cropland energy crops
  • Forest
  • Managed forest
  • Natural forest
  • Pasture
  • Shrubland
  • Built-up area

Agriculture and forestry demands

  • Agriculture food
  • Agriculture food crops
  • Agriculture food livestock
  • Agriculture feed
  • Agriculture feed crops
  • Agriculture feed livestock
  • Agriculture non-food
  • Agriculture non-food crops
  • Agriculture non-food livestock
  • Agriculture bioenergy
  • Agriculture residues
  • Forest industrial roundwood
  • Forest fuelwood
  • Forest residues

Agricultural commodities

  • Wheat
  • Rice
  • Other coarse grains
  • Oilseeds
  • Sugar crops
  • Ruminant meat
  • Non-ruminant meat and eggs
  • Dairy products



Emission, climate and impacts

Model documentation: Emissions - GEM-E3, Climate - GEM-E3, Non-climate sustainability dimension - GEM-E3

Greenhouse gases

  • CO2 fossil fuels
  • CO2 cement
  • CO2 land use
  • CH4 energy
  • CH4 land use
  • CH4 other
  • N2O energy
  • N2O land use
  • N2O other
  • CFCs
  • HFCs
  • SF6
  • PFCs

Pollutants

  • CO energy
  • CO land use
  • CO other
  • NOx energy
  • NOx land use
  • NOx other
  • VOC energy
  • VOC land use
  • VOC other
  • SO2 energy
  • SO2 land use
  • SO2 other
  • BC energy
  • BC land use
  • BC other
  • OC energy
  • OC land use
  • OC other
  • NH3 energy
  • NH3 land use
  • NH3 other

Climate indicators

  • Concentration: CO2
  • Concentration: CH4
  • Concentration: N2O
  • Concentration: Kyoto gases
  • Radiative forcing: CO2
  • Radiative forcing: CH4
  • Radiative forcing: N2O
  • Radiative forcing: F-gases
  • Radiative forcing: Kyoto gases
  • Radiative forcing: aerosols
  • Radiative forcing: land albedo
  • Radiative forcing: AN3A
  • Radiative forcing: total
  • Temperature change
  • Sea level rise
  • Ocean acidification

Note: GEM-E3 model does not include climate indicators.

Carbon dioxide removal

  • Bioenergy with CCS
  • Reforestation
  • Afforestation
  • Soil carbon enhancement
  • Direct air capture
  • Enhanced weathering

Climate change impacts

  • Agriculture
  • Energy supply
  • Energy demand
  • Economic output
  • Built capital
  • Inequality

Co-Linkages

  • Energy security: Fossil fuel imports & exports (region)
  • Energy access: Household energy consumption
  • Air pollution & health: Source-based aerosol emissions
  • Air pollution & health: Health impacts of air Pollution
  • Food access
  • Water availability
  • Biodiversity


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