The PRIMES model is fully dynamic and has options regarding future anticipation by agents in decision-making. Usually, PRIMES assumes perfect foresight over a short time horizon for demand sectors and perfect foresight over a long time horizon for supply sectors. The sub-models solve over the entire projection period in each cycle of interaction between demand and supply and so market equilibrium is dynamic and not static. Other options are available allowing the model user to specify shorter time horizons for foresight.
Partial equilibrium (price elastic demand)The PRIMES model comprises several sub-models (modules), each one representing the behaviour of a specific (or representative) agent, a demander and/or a supplier of energy. The sub-models link with each other through a model integration algorithm, which determines equilibrium prices in multiple markets and equilibrium volumes meets balancing and overall (e.g. emission) constraints.
Mathematically PRIMES solves an EPEC problem (equilibrium problem with equilibrium constraints) which allows prices to be explicitly determined.
E3Modelling (E3M), Greece, https://e3modelling.com/.
Private road passenger (cars, powered 2 wheelers), public road passenger (buses and coaches), road freight (HDVs, LDVs), passenger rail (slow and high-speed trains, metro), freight rail, passenger aviation (split into distance classes), freight and passenger inland navigation and short sea shipping, bunkers. Numerous classes of vehicles and transport means with tracking of technology vintages.
Eco-design standars, Best Available Technology regulations, Energy Performance standards; Emission standards or efficiency standards or CO2 standards on vehicles and other transport means,; Phase-out regarulations, Large Combustion Plant Directive; Additionality rules for the production of renewable hydrogen and synthetic fuels (e-fuels)
The PRIMES model comprises several sub-models (modules), each one representing the behaviour of a specific (or representative) agent, a demander and/or a supplier of energy. The sub-models link with each other through a model integration algorithm, which determines equilibrium prices in multiple markets and equilibrium volumes meets balancing and overall (e.g. emission) constraints.
-Has subobject::PRIMES main About
-Has subobject::GroupStructure About
PRIMES# QUERYfcc41b5ad1822a38d45b89829581acbc
-Has subobject::FeatureStructureAbout Name and version
PRIMES# QUERY11a609fa1a68fdaf46e4be932137fb9f
-Has subobject::FeatureStructureAbout Model link
-Has subobject::FeatureStructureAbout Documentation
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-Has subobject::FeatureStructureAbout Institution
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-Has subobject::FeatureStructureAbout Process state
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-Has subobject::PRIMES main Model scope and methods
-Has subobject::GroupStructure Model scope and methods
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-Has subobject::FeatureStructureScopeMethod Model type
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-Has subobject::FeatureStructureScopeMethod Geographical scope
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-Has subobject::FeatureStructureScopeMethod Objective
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-Has subobject::FeatureStructureScopeMethod Solution concept
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-Has subobject::FeatureStructureScopeMethod Solution horizon
-Has subobject::FeatureStructureScopeMethod Solution method
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-Has subobject::FeatureStructureScopeMethod Anticipation
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-Has subobject::FeatureStructureScopeMethod Temporal dimension
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-Has subobject::FeatureStructureScopeMethod Spatial dimension
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-Has subobject::FeatureStructureScopeMethod Time discounting type
-Has subobject::FeatureStructureScopeMethod Policies
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-Has subobject::PRIMES main Socio-economic drivers
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-Has subobject::FeatureStructureSocio-economic Population
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-Has subobject::FeatureStructureSocio-economic Population age structure
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-Has subobject::FeatureStructureSocio-economic Education level
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-Has subobject::FeatureStructureSocio-economic Urbanization rate
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-Has subobject::FeatureStructureSocio-economic GDP
-Has subobject::FeatureStructureSocio-economic Income distribution
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-Has subobject::FeatureStructureSocio-economic Employment rate
-Has subobject::FeatureStructureSocio-economic Labor productivity
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-Has subobject::FeatureStructureSocio-economic Total factor productivity
-Has subobject::FeatureStructureSocio-economic Autonomous energy efficiency improvements
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-Has subobject::FeatureStructureSocio-economic Other socio economic driver
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-Has subobject::PRIMES Economic sector Macro-economy
-Has subobject::PRIMES Macro-economy Macro-economy
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-Has subobject::PRIMES Resource use Macro-economy
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-Has subobject::PRIMES Technological change Macro-economy
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-Has subobject::GroupStructure Macro-economy
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-Has subobject::FeatureStructureMacro-economy Industry ES
PRIMES# QUERYa58e92a81eee4adab082df1d868a0fde
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-Has subobject::FeatureStructureMacro-economy Energy ES
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-Has subobject::FeatureStructureMacro-economy Transportation ES
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-Has subobject::FeatureStructureMacro-economy Residential and commercial ES
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-Has subobject::FeatureStructureMacro-economy Agriculture ES
-Has subobject::FeatureStructureMacro-economy Forestry ES
-Has subobject::FeatureStructureMacro-economy Other economic sector
-Has subobject::FeatureStructureMacro-economy Trade
-Has subobject::FeatureStructureMacro-economy Cost measures
PRIMES# QUERY7a97cd2c432fe3a0f6deb0035eec7050
-Has subobject::FeatureStructureMacro-economy Categorization by group
-Has subobject::FeatureStructureMacro-economy Institutional and political factors
PRIMES# QUERY42a8ef0ad2d322979d0a4be8949bc874
-Has subobject::FeatureStructureMacro-economy Coal RU
-Has subobject::FeatureStructureMacro-economy Conventional Oil RU
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-Has subobject::FeatureStructureMacro-economy Unconventional Oil RU
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-Has subobject::FeatureStructureMacro-economy Conventional Gas RU
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-Has subobject::FeatureStructureMacro-economy Unconventional Gas RU
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-Has subobject::FeatureStructureMacro-economy Uranium RU
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-Has subobject::FeatureStructureMacro-economy Bioenergy RU
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-Has subobject::FeatureStructureMacro-economy Water RU
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-Has subobject::FeatureStructureMacro-economy Raw Materials RU
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-Has subobject::FeatureStructureMacro-economy Land RU
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-Has subobject::FeatureStructureMacro-economy Other resource use
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-Has subobject::FeatureStructureMacro-economy Energy conversion technologies TC
PRIMES# QUERY205344ccbbdbbca6bdc71e7ec71adf84
-Has subobject::FeatureStructureMacro-economy Energy End-use TC
-Has subobject::FeatureStructureMacro-economy Material Use TC
-Has subobject::FeatureStructureMacro-economy Agriculture TC
-Has subobject::FeatureStructureMacro-economy Other technological change
PRIMES# QUERY2ea9ba6c9b588d49ba513c12bcc2cdc0
-Has subobject::PRIMES main Energy
-Has subobject::PRIMES Energy technology substitution Energy
PRIMES# QUERYa54eb1a14f596bc66700df56eba05e67
-Has subobject::PRIMES Energy Energy
-Has subobject::PRIMES Grid Infra Structure Energy
PRIMES# QUERY7d943809ed5fb7812b9f3a35058dda9a
-Has subobject::PRIMES Energy end-use technologies Energy
PRIMES# QUERY808341bdb5600b6a82959d7fbb297eac
-Has subobject::GroupStructure Energy
-Has subobject::FeatureStructureEnergy Behaviour
PRIMES# QUERYa16cf118a3e77b12c09a62bacc701e05
PRIMES# QUERY2900ee563e4c65b023dc8a4777fe6da9
-Has subobject::FeatureStructureEnergy Energy technology choice
PRIMES# QUERY2741e8aeb96b399c4f1a801455a35fc9
-Has subobject::FeatureStructureEnergy Energy technology substitutability
-Has subobject::FeatureStructureEnergy Energy technology deployment
PRIMES# QUERY6aefea1f6beebff4cbc338339f8b3eb2
-Has subobject::FeatureStructureEnergy Electricity technologies
PRIMES# QUERY9495b62ed46eae190bf6a96256af757d
-Has subobject::FeatureStructureEnergy Hydrogen production
PRIMES# QUERYfe971f6923f8457817bcaa1e526fa732
-Has subobject::FeatureStructureEnergy Refined liquids
PRIMES# QUERYb2c15c93ec75dd0e8d443a4478af73d7
-Has subobject::FeatureStructureEnergy Refined gases
PRIMES# QUERYd6a3a3d223723dec1e0b16a08728bd75
-Has subobject::FeatureStructureEnergy Heat generation
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-Has subobject::FeatureStructureEnergy Electricity GI
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-Has subobject::FeatureStructureEnergy Gas GI
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-Has subobject::FeatureStructureEnergy Heat GI
PRIMES# QUERYe346ae19cad0b96d0f11610cff4de1e7
-Has subobject::FeatureStructureEnergy CO2 GI
-Has subobject::FeatureStructureEnergy Hydrogen GI
PRIMES# QUERYf380c68e11ebcc90370c2a1cea58d270
-Has subobject::FeatureStructureEnergy Other grid and infrastructure
PRIMES# QUERYdf2001cfefe2669d4910d37060ac7fb2
-Has subobject::FeatureStructureEnergy Passenger transportation
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-Has subobject::FeatureStructureEnergy Freight transportation
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-Has subobject::FeatureStructureEnergy Industry
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-Has subobject::FeatureStructureEnergy Residential and commercial
PRIMES# QUERYee1ec2341ae461cef1355b2252722a5b
-Has subobject::PRIMES main Land-use
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-Has subobject::GroupStructure Land-use
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-Has subobject::FeatureStructureLand-use Land cover
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-Has subobject::FeatureStructureLand-use Agriculture and forestry demands
PRIMES# QUERY6757e039e38474d88aadf5fcf32af58e
-Has subobject::FeatureStructureLand-use Agricultural commodities
-Has subobject::PRIMES main Emission, climate and impacts
PRIMES# QUERY19d2b59913fdb1aa6115afdc0590a12e
-Has subobject::GroupStructure Emission, climate and impacts
PRIMES# QUERY1f354baba930006ee95a731047da170e
-Has subobject::FeatureStructureEmissionClimate Greenhouse gases
PRIMES# QUERYe013095ab9d66c1198af0aee53eb3d05
PRIMES# QUERY64bdb2d73ae2511fdbde0d62dfd8924f
-Has subobject::FeatureStructureEmissionClimate Pollutants
PRIMES# QUERYadd35a3927d0eab8fd43b4b6bc0be592
-Has subobject::FeatureStructureEmissionClimate Climate indicators
PRIMES# QUERY5cfc9eb63ea844083487cd94fd4328e6
-Has subobject::FeatureStructureEmissionClimate Carbon dioxide removal
-Has subobject::FeatureStructureEmissionClimate Climate change impacts
-Has subobject::FeatureStructureEmissionClimate Co-Linkages
PRIMES# QUERY85838152aaafebfdf70894b7693fc685
PRIMES documentation is limited and consists of a reference card
PRIMES provides detailed projections of energy demand, supply, prices and investment to the future, covering the entire energy system including emissions for each individual European country and for Europe-wide trade of energy commodities. PRIMES model design is suitable for medium- and long-term energy system projections and system restructuring up to 2070, both in demand and supply. The model can support an impact assessment of specific energy and environment policies and measures, applied at the Member State or EU level, including price signals, such as taxation, subsidies, ETS, technology-promoting policies, RES-supporting policies, efficiency-promoting policies, environmental policies and technology standards. PRIMES is sufficiently detailed to represent concrete policy measures in various sectors, including market design options for the EU internal electricity and gas markets. Policy analysis draws on comparing the results of scenarios against a reference projection
Partial equilibrium (price elastic demand)
Base year:2015, time steps:5 year, horizon: 2015 to 2070
EU27, UK. Primes has also used for providing projections for the Energy Community Contracting Parties, Turkey, Iceland, Switzerland.
Eco-design standars, Best Available Technology regulations, Energy Performance standards
Emission standards or efficiency standards or CO2 standards on vehicles and other transport means,
Phase-out regarulations, Large Combustion Plant Directive
Additionality rules for the production of renewable hydrogen and synthetic fuels (e-fuels)
Autonomous energy efficiency improvements
PRIMES#Autonomous energy efficiency improvements
Interest rates differentiated by country/region
Technology costs differentiated by country/region
Technological change differentiated by country/region
Behavioural change differentiated by country/region
Constraints on cross country financial transfers
PRIMES#Institutional and political factors
PRIMES#Energy conversion technologies TC
PRIMES#Energy technology substitutability
Energy security: Fossil fuel imports & exports (region)
Energy access: Household energy consumption
Air pollution & health: Source-based aerosol emissions
Air pollution & health: Health impacts of air Pollution