Electricity - REMIND-MAgPIE

Model Documentation - REMIND-MAgPIE
Model scope and methods - REMIND-MAgPIE XML-test Model concept, solver and details Model concept, solver and details - REMIND-MAgPIE Temporal dimension - REMIND-MAgPIE Spatial dimension - REMIND-MAgPIE Policy - REMIND-MAgPIE Socio-economic drivers - REMIND-MAgPIE Population - REMIND-MAgPIE Economic activity - REMIND-MAgPIE Macro-economy - REMIND-MAgPIE Production system and representation of economic sectors - REMIND-MAgPIE Trade - REMIND-MAgPIE Energy - REMIND-MAgPIE Energy resource endowments - REMIND-MAgPIE Fossil energy resources - REMIND-MAgPIE Uranium and other fissile resources - REMIND-MAgPIE Bioenergy - REMIND-MAgPIE Non-biomass renewables - REMIND-MAgPIE Energy conversion - REMIND-MAgPIE Electricity - REMIND-MAgPIE Heat - REMIND-MAgPIE Grid, pipelines and other infrastructure - REMIND-MAgPIE Energy end-use - REMIND-MAgPIE Transport - REMIND-MAgPIE Residential and commercial sectors - REMIND-MAgPIE Industrial sector - REMIND-MAgPIE Energy demand - REMIND-MAgPIE Technological change in energy - REMIND-MAgPIE Land-use - REMIND-MAgPIE Agriculture - REMIND-MAgPIE Forestry - REMIND-MAgPIE Emissions - REMIND-MAgPIE GHGs - REMIND-MAgPIE Pollutants and non-GHG forcing agents - REMIND-MAgPIE Climate - REMIND-MAgPIE Non-climate sustainability dimension - REMIND-MAgPIE Appendices - REMIND-MAgPIE Mathematical model description - REMIND-MAgPIE References - REMIND-MAgPIE
Corresponding documentation
AIM-Hub BLUES C3IAM COFFEE-TEA DNE21+ GCAM GEM-E3 GRACE IFs IMACLIM IMAGE MESSAGE-GLOBIOM POLES PROMETHEUS REMIND-MAgPIE TIAM-UCL WITCH
Previous versions
Archive of REMIND-MAgPIE version 1.7
Model information
Model link	https://www.pik-potsdam.de/research/sustainable-solutions/models/remind https://rse.pik-potsdam.de/doc/remind/2.1.3 https://github.com/remindmodel/remind/releases/tag/v2.1.3 https://github.com/magpiemodel/magpie/releases/tag/v4.2.1 https://rse.pik-potsdam.de/doc/magpie/4.2.1/
Institution	Potsdam Institut für Klimafolgenforschung (PIK), Germany, https://www.pik-potsdam.de.
Solution concept	General equilibrium (closed economy)MAgPIE: partial equilibrium model of the agricultural sector;
Solution method	OptimizationMAgPIE: cost minimization;
Anticipation

Around twenty electricity generation technologies are represented in REMIND, see <xr id="tab:REMIND_electricity_technologies"/>, with several low-carbon (CCS) and zero carbon options (nuclear and renewables).

Table 1. Energy Conversion Technologies for Electricity (Note: † indicates that technologies can be combined with CCS). <figtable id="tab:REMIND_electricity_technologies">

Energy Conversion Technologies for Electricity

Energy Carrier	Technology
Primary exhaustible resource
Coal	Conventional coal power plant Integrated coal gasification combined cycle† Coal combined heat and power plant
Oil	Diesel oil turbine
Gas	Gas turbine Natural gas combined cycle† Gas combined heat and power plant
Uranium	Light water reactor
Primary renewable resource
Solar	Solar photovoltaic Concentrating solar power
Wind	Wind turbine
Hydropower	Hydropower
Biomass	Integrated biomass gasification combined cycle† Biomass combined heat and power plant
Geothermal	Hot dry rock
Secondary energy type
Hydrogen	Hydrogen turbine

</figtable>

<figure id="fig:REMINDtable_4"> </figure>

Table 2. Techno-economic characteristics of technologies based on exhaustible energy sources and biomass (Iwasaki 2003; Hamelinck 2004; Bauer 2005; Ansolabehere et al. 2007; Gül et al. 2007; Ragettli 2007; Schulz 2007; Uddin and Barreto 2007; Rubin et al. 2007; Takeshita and Yamaji 2008; Brown et al. 2009; Klimantos et al. 2009; Chen and Rubin 2009).

<figure id="fig:REMINDtable_5"> </figure>

Abbreviations: PC - pulverized coal, IGCC - integrated coal gasification combined cycle, CHP - coal combined heat and power plant, C2H2 - coal to hydrogen, C2L - coal to liquids, C2G - coal gasification, NGT - natural gas turbine, NGCC - natural gas combined cycle, SMR - steam methane reforming, BIGCC – Biomass IGCC, BioCHP – biomass combined heat and power, B2H2 – biomass to hydrogen, B2L – biomass to liquids, B2G – biogas, TNR - thermo-nuclear reactor; * for joint production processes; ^§ nuclear reactors with thermal efficiency of 33%; ^# technologies with exogenously improving efficiencies. 2005 values are represented by the lower end of the range. Long-term efficiencies (reached after 2045) are represented by high-end ranges.

For variable renewable energies, we implemented two parameterized cost markup functions for storage and long-distance transmission grids - see Section Grid and Infrastructure. To represent the general need for flexibility even in a thermal power system, we included a further flexibility constraint based on Sullivan et al. (2013).

The techno-economic parameters of power technologies used in the model are given in <xr id="fig:REMINDtable_5"/> for fuel-based technologies and <xr id="fig:REMINDtable_6"/> for non-biomass renewables. For wind, solar and hydro, capacity factors depend on grades, see Section Non-biomass renewables.

Table 3. Techno-economic characteristics of technologies based on non-biomass renewable energy sources (Neij et al. 2003; Nitsch et al. 2004; IEA 2007a; Junginger et al. 2008; Pietzcker et al. 2014).

<figure id="fig:REMINDtable_6"> </figure>